What Are the Boroughs in New York City

New York City is one of the largest cities in the world and it is divided into five boroughs. Each borough is also a county within the state of New York.  The total population of New York City was 8,622,698 in  2017, according to U.S. Census Bureau estimates. What Are the Five Boroughs and Counties of NYC? The boroughs of New York City are as famous as the city itself. While you may be very familiar with the Bronx, Manhattan, and the other boroughs, did you know that each is also a county?   The borders that we associate with each of the five boroughs also form the county borders. The boroughs/counties are further divided into 59 community districts and hundreds of neighborhoods. Bronx (Bronx County)Brooklyn (Kings County)Manhattan (New York County)Queens (Queens County)Staten Island (Richmond County) The Bronx and Bronx County The Bronx was named for Jonas Bronck, a 17th-century Dutch immigrant. In 1641, Bronck purchased 500 acres of land northeast of Manhattan. By the time the area became part of New York City, people would say they were going to the Broncks. The Bronx borders Manhattan on the south and west, with Yonkers, Mt. Vernon, and New Rochelle to its northeast.   Land Area:  42.4 square miles (109.8 square kilometers)Population:  1,471,160 (2017)Community Districts:  12Surrounding Water:  Hudson River, Long Island Sound, Harlem River Brooklynand Kings County Brooklyn has the largest population at 2.5 million people according to the 2010 census. The Dutch colonization of what is now New York City played a large role in the area and  Brooklyn was named for the town of Breukelen, Netherlands.   Brooklyn  is on the western tip of Long Island, bordering Queens to the northeast. It is surrounded by water on all other sides and is connected to Manhattan by the famous Brooklyn Bridge. Land Area:  71.5  square miles (185  square kilometers)Population:  2,648,771 (2017)Community Districts: 18Surrounding Water:  East River, Upper New York Bay, Lower New York Bay, Jamaica Bay Manhattan and New York County The name Manhattan has been noted on maps of the area since 1609. It is said to derive from the word  Manna-hata, or island of many hills in the native Lenape language.   Manhattan is the smallest borough at 22.8 square miles (59  square kilometers), but it is also the most densely populated. On the map, it looks like a long sliver of land stretching southwest from the Bronx, between the Hudson and East rivers. Land Area:  22.8  square miles (59  square kilometers)Population:  1,664,727 (2017)Community Districts:  12Surrounding Water:  East River, Hudson River, Upper New York Bay, Harlem River Queens and Queens County Queens is the largest borough in terms of area at 109.7 square miles (284 square kilometers). It makes up 35% of the citys total area. Queens reportedly received its name from the Queen of England. It was settled by the Dutch in 1635 and became a New York City borough in 1898. You will find Queens on the western part of Long Island, bordering Brooklyn to the southwest. Land Area:  109.7  square miles (284 square kilometers)Population:  2,358,582 (2017)Community Districts:  14Surrounding Water:  East River,  Long Island Sound, Jamaica Bay, Atlantic Ocean Staten Island and Richmond County Staten Island was apparently a popular name for Dutch explorers when they reached the Americas, though New York Citys Staten Island is the most famous. Henry Hudson established a trading post on the island in 1609 and named it  Staaten Eylandt after the Dutch Parliament known as Staten-Generaal. This is the least populated borough of New York City and it is a lone island at the citys southwestern edge. Across the waterway known as the Arthur Kill is the state of New Jersey. Land Area:  58.5  square miles (151.5 square kilometers)Population:  479,458 (2017)Community Districts:  3Surrounding Water:  Arthur Kill, Raritan Bay, Lower New York Bay, Upper New York Bay

Animal Experimentation at New York University Essay example

Animal Experimentation at New York University Using animals for medical experimentation and education is a controversial subject that often leads to a heated debate. The issues are complex, but the suffering and waste involved in animal experimentation are painfully obvious. Vivisection, the act of cutting into a live animal, has led the nation down countless scientific dead ends, while detracting funds and attention from more applicable scientific research. The practice of animal experimentation at NYU continues, not because it has been proven to be an accurate and reliable means of research (which it has not) but rather, because of tradition and promotion from those with strong vested interests (i.e. Lynne Kiorpes). These values have†¦show more content†¦The vision of infant monkeys, ranging from ten days to two months old, is surgically damaged and altered. As Lauren Gazzola, writer for the Washington Square News, stated, â€Å"Lynne Kiorpes’ strabismus experiments are a prime example of the unnecessary, cru el experiments being conducted on 50,000 animals in hidden laboratories every year at NYU.† (Animal rights and the University 1). The federal government for over a decade has in part, funded the research project. Lynne Kiorpes has spent over $1.5 million on her experiments, paving the way for weak claims and insignificant research. Edward Taub, director of the Natural Science department at New York University, acquired his advanced degree from NYU and now conducts studies at the Laboratory for Experimental Research and Surgery in Primates (Guillermo 38). Taub began experimentation on monkeys before they were born. The pregnant monkeys were anesthetized and the infants were cut from the uterus. The nerves were cut out, a plastic prosthesis was inserted to replace removed vertebrae, and they were placed back into the womb. Eighty percent of the infants died (37). The experiments conducted in New York University’s research laboratories are cruel and the details are horrendously graphic. Researchers intentionally mutilate the eyes of the baby Macaque monkeys,Show MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation And Its Effects On Human Life And Survival965 Words   |  4 PagesInstructor Miguel Marrero English 1302 September 18, 2014 Animal Experimentation The various experiments are performed on living animals especially to test the effects of chemical compounds such as new drugs, cosmetics, food additives and pesticides. The application of animals to test a large number of products from household compounds and cosmetics to pharmaceutical has been considered to be a normal strategy for many years. Animal experimentation has existed since ancient times and contributed to humanRead MoreAnimal Cruelty And Animal Experimentation1610 Words   |  7 Pagestesting on animals. According to Professor Nuno Henrique Franco from the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology of the University of Porto in Rua do Campo Alegre, humans have based their medical research, and later chemical testing, on animal experimentation. The first experiments that were performed can be considered crude and a few were perhaps excessively damaging to their subjects, and a handful of later testing was for cosmetic purposes. Consequently, the lives of countless animals have beenRead MoreEssay about Animal Testing is Unethical1385 Words   |  6 Pageswill be. You cant even decide when the lights go on and off. Think about spending your entire life like this, even though you didnt do anything wrong or commit a crime. This is life in a laboratory for animals. It is deprivation, isolation, and misery. Now think about the needs of the animals that are caged up and stripped away from their natural homes. For example, chimpanzees spend hours everyday grooming each other feeding their young and providing a comfortable environment for them to liveRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Not Reliable For Finding Cures For Humans1486 Words   |  6 Pagesstudies demonstrate that animal testing is not reliable in finding cures for humans. Medicines and vaccines that are successfully developed and proven effective in animals such as mice and many primates fail when used in human beings. Medicines and chemicals that are effective in animals end up being relabeled after they produce side effects in human beings that were not observed in animals during the testing. Many of them also become dangerous to human beings. Therefore, animal tests yield little successRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Animal Rights1601 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal rights is the philosophy or idea that all animals should be able to liv e a life free from human exploitation pain and suffering. According to Gale † The idea of animal rights has roots in ancient times. In Greek philosophy, the animists believed that both animals and people had souls. The vitalists believed that humans were animals but at the top of the chain and could use animals for their benefit.† ( Animals Rights, par.2). In the early twentieth century in the United States, there wasRead More Its Time to Stop Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation1594 Words   |  7 PagesTime to Stop Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation    Using animals in research and to test the safety of products has been a topic of heated debate for decades. According to data collected by F. Barbara Orlans for her book, In the Name of Science: Issues in Responsible Animal Experimentation, sixty percent of all animals used in testing are used in biomedical research and product-safety testing (62). People have different feelings for animals; many look upon animals as companionsRead MoreAnimals In Experimentation. This Essay Will Explore The1684 Words   |  7 Pages Animals in Experimentation This essay will explore the benefit of animals being used in biomedical research, the actions implemented to protect animal welfare as well as other viable options to minimize harm to animals. Science experiments using animals have created a foundation for advances in biomedical sciences. Animals used in medical sciences can be traced back to 384-322 BCE in Greek writings of Aristotle followed by Erasistratus, 304-358 BCE (Dey). Some of the most rudimentary knowledgeRead MoreThis Essay Will Explore The Benefit Of Animals Being Used1681 Words   |  7 Pagesbenefit of animals being used in biomedical research, the actions implemented to protect animal welfare as well as other viable options to minimize harm to animals. Science experiments using animals have created a foundation for advances in biomedical sciences. Animals used in medical sciences can be traced back to 384-322 BCE in Greek writings of Aristotle followed by Erasistratus, 304-358 BCE (Dey). Some of the most rudimentary knowledge known to man now was found through animal experimentation. SuchRead MoreAnimal Rights Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal rights - moral or legal entitlements attributed to nonhuman animals, usually because of the complexity of their cognitive, emotional, and social lives or their capacity to experience physical or emotional pain or pleasure. (Britannia encyclopedia online, n.d.). The definition of animal rights is so clear to us. Human rights need to be protected, so do animal rights. In 1976, in New York City, thousands of cat lovers were beaten when they heard a painful test to be taken for pets’ sexualRead MoreEssay on Animal Experimentation and Research2491 Words   |  10 PagesAnimal Experim entation and Research In the basement of the psychology department here, a poster hangs on the wall; on it is a picture of two white lab rats and a caption that reads, ?They?ve saved more lives than 911.? This poster hangs on the wall of the room where I performed brain surgery on a rat. Many people would be morally opposed to this and any other form of animal research and experimentation and feel that it should be banned. This heated debate has been going on for centuries with

Nacirema free essay sample

Body Ritual Among The Naclrema As I started to read Body Ritual Among The Nacirema by Horace Miner I was really confused. You told us that the homework was to write what was the real true meaning of this reading but I had to reread the pages over and over to find the true meaning to the reading that Horace Miner was talking about. It Is a culture named Nacirema and that no one really know much about this culture. And also that they come from the east. He talks about the rituals they have and how they care for their odies and try to make It look beautiful because they believe that the human body is ugly and that is the reason why we decay when we die. He also talks about how the Ndclremd culture they take care of their mouths because they ere scared that If they dont take care of their teeth they will all fall out. We will write a custom essay sample on Nacirema or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then I understud Horace Miner was not talking about a actual tribe called Naclrema It was talking about the American coulture. One of the first things I notice was that the name Nacirema was America spelled backwards. I also noticed that they had a few things that we have now a day but they Just call It differently. For example what they call a medicine man and herbalist, we call a doctor and a pharmacist because the medicine man does no do the magical pouon. They Just write down what Is needed for the potion and that Is what doctors do. They do a cheek up on you and write a prescription for you to take to the pharmacy so they make it tor you your medicine. They also say that the Naclrema people believe they cannot live with out the potions, and maybe people in ur society think that they need medicine for everything even if it is not necessary. Also he says that this culture used the magical potions for a few times and never use it agairh And that is what most people tend to do use the medicen once or twice and forget about It and lust keep It In the house for no reason. He also talks about the dentist as holy mouth men. I also think the charm box is the mirror in the bathroom because he says each day every member ot the family in succession enters the hrine room bows his head before the charm box meaning that every one comes to the bathroom stands in front of the mirror and puts their face down to wash their face. A lot of people most of the things they only and mostly care about Is how they look and how other people would think about them so they foces a lot on their beautly Just Ilke this people In the Naclrema tribe. acirema By Gloria-Ines Body Ritual Among The Nacirema meaning to the reading that Horace Miner was talking about. It is a culture named odies and try to make it look beautiful because they believe that the human body is Nacirema culture they take care of their mouths because they are scared that if they dont take care of their teeth they will all fall out. Then I understud Horace Miner was not talking about a actual tribe called Nacirema it was talking about the American but they Jus t call it differently. For example what they call a medicine man and the magical potion. They Just write down what is needed for the potion and that is o the pharmacy so they make it for you your medicine. They also say that the Nacirema people believe they cannot live with out the potions, and maybe people in it again. And that is what most people tend to do use the medicen once or twice and forget about it and Just keep it in the house for no reason. He also talks about the because he says each day every member of the family in succession enters the face. A lot of people most of the things they only and mostly care about is how they beautly Just like this people in the Nacirema tribe.

Theatre in Wyoming Essay Example For Students

Theatre in Wyoming Essay There you are sitting in a theatre watching a play. You say to yourself, this play could be so much better if they would do that different. Of course the designers could do things differently, they might have even considered the same things that you have, the only thing wrong with that is that type of stuff takes money. What most people dont realize is that the theatres in Wyoming are very under funded. Theatres in Wyoming are not able to support themselves alone they need outside funding. Every play that is put on has a budget. This budget is split into different amounts for each department in the theatre. This is all of the money that theyre allotted. The department has to try extremely hard to stay under budget. Of course this is common sense. Except this is hard to do when a performance needs things and the set needs things. All of these things that the departments need and want costs money. This is why the technical director has to decide exactly what the show can have to make it great and what it cant. Thats why people say that the play could be better if We just dont have the funding. We will write a custom essay on Theatre in Wyoming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now People that agree with the statement theatres in Wyoming are not able to support themselves alone have their own reasons for this belief. Tammy Jackson of Cody says, No because educational and non- profit theatre isnt a high priority among the entities that primarily fund them. I agree with this statement. Until there is a bigger interest in the theatre this will always be a problem. If the theatres were supported the same as sports then this problem wouldnt be such a problem (Eckardt). Chuck Erven responds to this statement by saying, No. Audiences are limited, Wyoming has a lower arts endowment and private giving than any other state.Some people disagree with my opinion. Some people think that the theatres in Wyoming can support themselves. Ann Eckardt says, Yes, they can but it would be the equivalent of substance farming. The learning and the growth could barely be measured. I think shes saying that because the theatre is such a learning experience that anything can and will happ en to help. This means that no matter how much a person thinks they know there is always something that a person can learn. The theatre world changes everyday with new technologies popping up. Such things like new lights and different types of ways to make scenery. The theatres in Wyoming isnt just under funded its very under funded. There is an association called the National Endowments for the Arts (NEA) that has the power to decide what states get money for their theatre programs. This program has the power to disperse $5,000,000 for Arts Education Partnership Grants (NEA: Arts in Education), $5,610,000 for Musical Theatre (NEA: Opera- Musical Theatre), $8,825,000 for Theatre Programs (NEA: Theatre Programs), and $27,467,000 for Basic State Grants (NEA: State and Regional Programs). Out of all of this money the NEA divides it up among different states. Out of all of this money Wyoming doesnt get a single dime (NEA: Art Forms). This isnt fair. Most of this money goes to California and New York. They chose to give this money to companies and colleges that can definitely support themselves and still have money to spare. I think they need to consider giving money to the states that have the potential to have good companies if they were given a c hance. One such state would be Wyoming. Wyoming gets about 80% to 90% of its money from the state money. This money goes towards salaries and running costs (Erven). There are a few forms of funding available for Wyoming. One such funding is State Arts Council National Endowment for Arts (Erven). The one major grant that CWC puts in for is the Wyoming Arts Council (Erven). There are a lot of ways that we can solve this problem in Wyoming, some of which have been tried. Some of them work and some of them dont. One person thinks that we could Seek corporate sponsorships and partnerships much like athletics have done (Jackson). This is where a

Ridleys sea turtle essays

Ridleys sea turtle essays Each species of sea turtle is distinctive in appearance and behavior, all sea turtles have certain characteristics in common the shell consist of a carapace (upper part) and plastron (lower part), which are joined together by cartilage called a bridge. in most species with the exception of the leatherback scutes cover the carapace. Like all turtles sea turtles have no external ears, they hear best at low frequencies and their sense of smell is excellent. Though their vision underwater is good, on land they are nearsighted. Sea turtles spend most of their time underwater but must come up to breath. During routine activities sea turtles can dive for about three to five minutes. Sea turtles can sleep for several hours underwater, but their ability to hold their breath is shortened by high activity and stress. This is why sea turtles drown in shrimp nets and other gear in a short time. Adult sea turtles sleep near rocks or under ledges. Hatchlings and juveniles sleep on the surface with their front flippers pulled back over the carapace. Kemp's ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys kempi) Ridleys are the smallest of the sea turtles. The Kemp's ridley is slightly larger than the olive ridley, measuring 24 - 28 inches in carapace length and weighing 78 - 100 pounds when mature. An adult is olive green on top and yellowish in color on the bottom, with a large head and powerful jaws. The carapace is circular to heart shaped. Hatchlings are dark gray and about an inch and a half long. Kemp's ridleys were first discovered and described in 1880 by Samuel Garman. But until the 1940's was not recognized as a species and was often confused with the olive ridley and the loggerhead. Confusion continued through the 1950's with many biologist convinced that the ridleys sea turtle was a sterile hybrid of the green and the loggerhead turtles. No one could find nesting beaches or an egg-bearing female. ...

Shia-Sunni Paper Essays

Shia-Sunni Paper Essays Shia-Sunni Paper Essay Shia-Sunni Paper Essay Shi’a-Sunni relations during and after the reign of Saddam Hussein SOC 300-Sociology of Developing Countries April 24, 2011 Discuss the effects of Saddam Hussein’s government on Shi’a-Sunni relations in Iraq. The Sunni, Shi’a conflict in Iraq (and other parts of the Muslim world) started long before the reign of Saddam Hussein in Iraq, but when Saddam became Prime Minister of the country the conflict between the two religious sects was taken to a new level. As soon as Hussein gained full power, under his control, began years and years of persecution of the Shi’a Muslims in the country. With Saddams newly gained power, he had the full support of the Sunni’s, supporting his long standing hatred of the Shi’a. He then set out to show the nation who was ultimately in control and to rid the nation of any opposition. Shi’ites were persecuted under the Ba’ath party rule. Many Shi’a religious traditions were banned throughout the country, such as the Shi’a Ashoura religious festival, stating â€Å"the last thing he wanted was that many Shi’as together† (www. associatedcontent. com). It is said that every Shia clerical family of note in Iraq had tales of torture and murder to recount. (www. wikipedia. rg) from the years 1979- 1983. Under Saddam’s regime, 48 Shi’a clerics were executed, in Iraq. During his reign, Saddam mercilessly persecuted, tortured and executed several Shi’a leaders and followers alike (www. associatedcontent. com). After the United States beat Iraq in the Gulf War (1990-1991) th e persecution intensified (Handleman, 2011). Saddam believed that the United States under George W. Bush called the Iraqi people to overthrow Hussein and that the United States would support any uprising of the people to overthrow him. This primarily meant the Shi’a in the southern part of the country and the Kurds in the northern part. When U. S. assistance failed to materialize, Shi’a towns all throughout the south were leveled and thousands of Shi’a people massacred. What effect did Saddam’s fall from power have on relations between these two religious communities? After the relentless persecution and torture of the Shi’ites under Saddam’s rule, the Shi’a reveled in his fall from power in 2003. America took down Saddam’s ever ruling Ba’ath party and at the time had the support of the Shi’ites. They favored a peaceful negotiation with the occupying authorities, meanwhile anticipating the new country they would eventually rule. Within a year after Saddam’s fall from power, the Sunni’s were almost waging a full scale war against the Shi’ites. They were using primarily roadside bombs and suicide bombings, directed at major sites throughout crowded Shi’a neighborhoods. This was the start of the Sunni insurgency, 2003. As it stands, this is some of the worst Shi’a-Sunni strife that has ever occurred, since the U. S. invasion of Iraq, it has built up steadily since then and to present, this Sunni-Shi’a revenge cycle, where suicide bombings are often used by the Sunni, the Shi’a favors death squads. On the Shi’a side the militia dominated government death squads were reportedly torturing to death, or executing â€Å"hundreds of Sunni’s† every month in Baghdad alone (www. wikipedia. org). According the BBC, from 2005 to present, the commandos of the Ministry of Interior are controlled by the Badr Organization, the military wing of The Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council (SIIC) and are almost exclusively Shi’a Muslims and have been implicated in killing thousands of Sunni citizens (www. wikipedia. org). What do you feel is likely to happen to Shi’a-Sunni relations after the U. S. and allied troops withdrew from Iraq? When the U. S. completely withdraws from Iraq the Shi’a-Sunni relations, as they stand currently, will continue to deteriorate. The U. S. supported Shi’ites are in place, politically now, but once the U. S. withdraws more civil unrest will rage between the two sects and although the Shi’ite Muslims (around 65% of the population) outnumber the Sunni Muslims (around 32% of the population), I believe it will be a war of who has the strongest backers (for arms, supplies,etc), being other Muslim nations, Al Qaeda, etc. The country will continue to grow more and more unstable and the unrest will continue to escalate. Ultimately who ends up in control, is anyone’s guess. The nation of Iraq could ultimately end up with another leader like Saddam Hussein, or worse. The current Prime Minister al-Maliki is trying to create a stable government based on sectarian aspirations but his level of success as a ruler will ultimately determine whether Iraq is even capable of having a peaceful future (Handleman 2011). References Handleman, Howard (2011). The Challenge of Third World Development (pp. 109-113). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Saddam_hussein http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Shi%27a%E2%80%93Sunni_relations reference. com/browse/sunni newstatesman. com/world-affairs/2007/02/sunni-shia-iraq-iran-arab associatedcontent. com/article/2543561/the_shiasunni_conflict_in_iraq_pg1html? cat=37

Introduction to early childhood Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to early childhood - Assignment Example Economic and political system of the country currently influences early child education (Li & Chen 1). The government encourages parents to enroll their children to early childhood education because it strengthens their educational foundation. Studies confirm that this education increases the readiness of children to learn in higher education levels. Children with early childhood education backgrounds usually perform well in primary school. ECE not only improves students’ performance in schools, but is also influences their social and economic status in adulthood. In an effective early childhood education systems, teachers and parents have to ensure that they create a good relationship with children. Parents are also encouraged to cooperate with teachers in supporting their children’s early education. They should create a good relationship with children in order to enhance their intelligence and social competence. They should also ensure that their children attend preschool at the right age. The country’s Ministry of Education recommended that children should att end preschool at the age of 3 to 6 years. In China early childhood education, children are usually divided according to their ages. The government recommends three groups that include junior that consists of children of age 3, middle that has 4-year-old children and seniors who are 5 years old. Effective early childhood programs should consist of appropriate learning environments and effective curriculum. It should also have well trained caregivers who can effectively meet the needs of each child (Vaughan 1). In the past early childhood education in china was poor because parents paid little attention to it. This is because most of them were not aware of the importance of ECE. In addition, most of them were homemakers. As such, they did not see the need to take their young children to school since early childhood schools were viewed at care centers. However, currently with increased

Labor Force from the Household Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Labor Force from the Household Survey - Essay Example U6 reflects the rate that includes persons marginally attached to the labor force and those who are employed part-time for economic reasons in generating the unemployment rate. Discouraged workers form part of the marginally attached workers. ïÆ'   According to the authors, the main reason for the continuing stagnant growth of the U.S. economy lies in the â€Å"ongoing and scarcely improving shortfall in aggregate demand relative to the supply of productive resources†. (Bivens, Fieldhouse & Shierholz 2013) Consumption of produced goods and services have decreased since the onset of the ‘Great Recession’ in 2008. 2. The authors discuss the issue of the relationship between strong GDP growth and a strong recovery. What does their argument suggest about the relationship between strong GDP growth, the deficit and reducing unemployment? ïÆ'   The authors’ argument suggests that budget deficit reduction results to decelerated GDP, which, in turn, translates to higher unemployment and underemployment rates. The austerity measures implemented to reduce budget deficits lead to less economic activities, fewer jobs, less production of goods and services, less demand from the consumers, and, ultimately to a lower GDP. Lower GDP requires less labor. More and more plants and factories will operate below their full capacity and will lay off more workers to cut costs and survive the economically difficult times. ïÆ'   According to the authors, achieving full employment will bring in economic recovery. Full employment can be attained by boosting the consumers’ demand for goods and services produced by the country as the initial step toward narrowing the output gap – the difference between what the economy can produce and its actual output.  

Plato’s argument Essay Example for Free

Plato’s argument Essay I think Plato’s argument that what is holy and what is approved of by the gods are not the same thing is convincing. If we’ll take a deeper look, being holy and being approved of have a big difference in terms of standards and construction. First, what is holy means something that is sacred or sanctified. In terms of standards, the things that are considered holy are natural. Meaning, these are the things that have been blessed and considered holy because of divine interventions. In terms of construction, these are the things that are concrete. Meaning, these cannot be bend or changed in any situation that may occur. On the other hand, what are approved of by the gods are things that are created on a case to case basis depending on different factors like the notion of justice. Compared to those that are holy, those that are approved by the gods may be changed or modified. What is holy may or may not be approved by the gods, while what is approved of by the gods may or may not be considered holy. Discussion 4: Though there are the co-called â€Å"white lies† that are used so that people won’t be able to hurt other people from the truth and protect their personal interests, still a lie is a lie. For me, there are no particular incidents by which we can say that it is right to lie. As I’ve heard before, â€Å"A lie only produces a thousand more lies. † Truth hurts but lies are worst. Also, it has been stated that telling a lie is a sin. May it be minimal, still, it is lying. Kant said that moral good must be based on reason. If a person would tell a lie for the reason of protecting his/her personal interest, is the lie considered moral? Of course not. Because it was also stated that â€Å"Kant wants to use moral principles as a protection against people that would want to behave only in their own best interests, for personal gain, or based only on feelings. † I think, the scope of morality is way too big because morality may also depend on each culture and belief that people possess. Discussion 5: Most situations that we see on TV and even in real life are scenarios of big kids bullying the smaller ones in school. The big kids would harass the smaller ones to make them do their assignments, exams and even take money or snacks from them. This can be a simple example of using other person merely as means. On the other hand, there are also those who are kind who protect the smaller kids and help them to keep away from the bullies. This is a case in which a person is respecting another person as an end-in-him/herself. Referring to Kant’s text, â€Å"The moral system of Kant depends too on the idea of our freedom. Kant describes being free as following our own rational principles, instead of just our desires , I think it is impossible to live a life in which we do not use other people merely as means. This is because, there are no perfect persons in the world and when we sometimes use our freedom, we tend to choose to do the things that would benefit us rather than opt those that are entirely moral and rational. Not using a person in this world is much too ideal. Discussion 6: I believe that people should do what is in their own self interest as long as is morally right and does not oppose any rules or law governing him/her. I don’t agree with Ethical Egoism. Indeed, there are things which we desire or want for ourselves. But, the first question we should ask is â€Å"Do we really need what we want? † because in the first place, not everything we want is really essential to us. A â€Å"want† is different from a â€Å"need†. Also, what we ought to do is analyze the things we want. If we think these â€Å"wants† are justifiable and attainable but in a righteous way, then maybe we can pursue these. If I have the ring, I’ll think very carefully of what to do with it. Ideally, I would do what is rightful and fair. Discussion 7: I don’t agree with Mill that the proper standard of making the world a better place is through happiness. Mill stated that â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness†¦ the happiness of a group of individuals taken as a whole is desirable for the group as a whole†. Let’s say for example, we have a group of corrupt politicians. Their action to produce happiness is through corruption and what is desirable for their group is stealing millions of money from the people for their personal benefit. It supports the idea of Mill yet did they make the world a better place? No. therefore, happiness is not the proper standard of making the world a better place.

Civil Disobedience and Its Relation to the Democratic Process Essay

Everything in the universe is a system that must progress, and in order to progress, it must consume and test the realities around it. Throughout the history of humanity, individuals and groups have always defied laws that they believe are unjust and have always moved to progress society based on either their own motives. The idea of Democracy is revolutionary; it is a microcosm of the collective reality because different entities always come together in a feedback loop in order for their motives to coalesce and balance each other out. This is the case from large galactic masses to individuals engaging in civil disobedience in order to further a cause. Despite concerns that it eliminates order and allows individuals to disregard laws that they disagree with, civil disobedience is quintessential to the democratic process, because it allows those who engage in it to accept the legal consequences of their actions and spark debate over whether heinous legalities should be repealed. Any symbiosis of individuals and government, must be egalitarian. The Founding Fathers of this nation believed that all men are created equal and should be ensured the right to life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. The United States Constitution was created in order for the institution of government to be able to deed the greatest amount of liberty and prosperity to all individuals, through a representative democracy. Here, whenever there are disagreements between individuals and government officials in regards to how a community is running, citizens are given greater leeway to manage their issues locally and gradually see results carried out to the national level, based on the momentum and support the respective initiatives have in the public domain.... ...the use of this tool, then we will have unlocked the gateway to prosperity in this country. Works Cited "Bill of Rights Transcript Text." National Archives and Records Administration. Web. 25 Mar. 2012. Casola, Luca. Black Markets: Empirical Studies into the Economic Behaviour of the Black Market Consumer. Diss. University of Canterbury, 2007. Canterbury, Australia: University of Canterbury, 2007. Print. Celente, Gerald. "Protest Trends for the New Millenium." Trends Journal (2009). Print. Harvey Wheeler, "Preface," Daniel Sisson, The American Revolution of 1800, Alfred A. Knopf, N.Y. 1974. Limieux, Pierre. "Civil and Uncivil Disobedience Would Henry David Thoreau Have Obeyed Stop Signs in Outremont, Quà ©bec?" Liberty (1995). Web. 12 Mar. 2012. "Schaffer Library of Drug Policy." DRCNet Online Library of Drug Policy. Web. 18 Mar. 2012.

Climate Changes Effect On Australian Locust Populations Environmental Sciences Essay

analyze the effects and impacts of clime alteration on locust populations and our version responses ( assessment of clime alteration impacts and possible version responses ) . Locusts are a type of insect that can be lay waste toing plagues of agribusiness due to their ability to develop really big populations and to organize dense and extremely nomadic droves. The possible home grounds of the Australian pestilence locust screen half of inland eastern Australia, an country of about two million square kilometers. They are chiefly unfastened tuft grasslands on clay, loam or stone-mantled desert loam dirts. Habitats become suited for locust genteelness after rainfall, when dirt wet allows egg development and flora response provides nutrient for subsequent endurance of nymphs. Landscapes which are by and large unfavorable for locust genteelness include forest, forest, bouldery hills, desert sandplain and dunefields. The glade of wood and forest flora on clay and loam dirts has expanded the country of possible home ground in the agricultural parts of southern and eastern Australia. Within the parts of possible home ground there are some countries which are capable to more frequent infestation. Female Australian pestilence locusts typically lay their eggs in hard- jammed dirt along roads and paths, in clay pans or in rocky countries. Has recent clime alteration influenced the frequence or strength of utmost events? Give illustrations if possible. The IPCC ‘s Fourth Assessment Report states that more powerful storms and hotter, longer dry periods have been observed and this tendency is predicted to go on. Climate alteration may do an addition in conditions extremes through alterations to the distribution of heat and the flow of energy through the clime system. Current information suggests that clime alteration has already influenced the frequence of utmost events such as heat moving ridges, inundations, storms, fires and drouths. Australia is a of course dry continent, which has been capable to periodic drouths. CSIRO patterning suggests that the frequence of drouth in some countries could treble by 2070, based on scenarios utilizing different degrees of C dioxide emanations. This could do an addition in the badness, continuance, frequence or distribution of drouths. Tropical storms and hurricanes are potentially sensitive to planetary heating because their development is restricted to ocean countries where the sea surface temperature is greater than 27 & A ; deg ; C. Given the fact that planetary heating may do a greater country of ocean to make this temperature more frequently, the zone of hurricane activity could spread out. An addition in the frequence of inundations has been observed between 1865-1999. Hot yearss, hot darks and heat moving ridges have besides become more frequent ( Confalonieri et al. , 2007 ) . Besides in some parts, alterations in temperature and precipitation are projected to increase the frequence and badness of fire events ( Confalonieri et al. , 2007 ) . It must be noted nevertheless that natural phenomena might besides be able to explicate a possible addition in utmost conditions events such as El Ni & A ; ntilde ; Os and La Ni & A ; ntilde ; a, which are known to make utmost conditions events. Natural systems in all continents and most oceans are being affected by regional clime alterations, chiefly temperature additions. The chief natural systems of Earth include biological systems, ecosystems, planetary energy budget, H2O rhythm, biochemical rhythms and planetary clime systems. Observed alterations to natural systems: Plant and animate being scopes have shifted pole ward and higher in lift – alterations in flora due to altering climatic conditions and enlargement of north-polar bush lands into antecedently shrub-free countries. †¢ In some countries populations sizes of workss and animate beings have changed dramatically by increasing in some countries and worsening in others – altering climatic conditions can diminish the survival rate of native species and increase endurance of alien species. †¢ Phenology: timing of many life-cycle events, such as blooming, migration and insect outgrowth, had shifted earlier in the spring and frequently later in the fall. alteration in overall distribution and strength of normal conditions events and increased frequence and strength of utmost conditions events, ADAPTION RESPONSES If climate variableness is an indirect cause of the pest eruption, it is of import to carefully measure the benefits and disadvantages, both environmentally and economically, of any control steps, particularly when biological control agents are concerned, the effects of which are irreversible. find the point of struggle in the argument in your topic country ; Although a contributing cause for the population detonation is likely to be climate variableness, the mechanism through which clime could be runing to do the widespread pest eruptions is non instantly obvious. Climate theoretical accounts are undependable These pestilences have been go oning for many old ages. adjudicate between conflicting grounds and theories on anthropogenetic planetary heating While many of these natural drivers and influences on clime will ever happen, and are out of human control, the combination of these and human activities are progressively changing the Earth ‘s clime. Scientific grounds strongly indicates that natural influences can non explicate the rapid addition in planetary near-surface temperatures observed during the 2nd half of the twentieth century. Human impacts on the clime system include increasing concentrations of atmospheric nursery gases such as C dioxide, CFCs and their alternates, methane, azotic oxide, and air pollution and land alteration. While scientists ‘ apprehension of the primary procedures responsible for planetary clime alteration has greatly improved during the last decennary, through advanced representation of C, H2O, and other biogeochemical rhythms in clime theoretical accounts, projections of future planetary heating are still hard to foretell due to uncertainnesss and differing anticipations. A February 2007 study by the IPCC, based on the work of some 2,500 scientists in more than 130 states, concluded that worlds have caused all or most of the current planetal heating through industrialisation, deforestation, and pollution have greatly increased atmospheric concentrations of H2O vapor, C dioxide, methane, and azotic oxide, which are all nursery gases that aid pin down heat near Earth ‘s surface. While the IPCC accept that natural rhythms play a function in clime alteration they point make apparent that such alterations have occurred over the span of several centuries, while today ‘s alterations have taken topographic point over the past hundred old ages or less. There are besides many plausible sceptics who challenge the current findings on clime alteration and its effects: – Many believe that the recognized planetary mean temperature statistics used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change show that no ground-based heating has occurred since 1998 and as consequence they strongly doubt whether any planetary heating at all is happening at the minute – Some scientists province that the rhythm of glacial and interglacial periods shows that the Earth ‘s temperature is really chilling down. – Many scientists are oppugning the current theoretical accounts and methods used to foretell clime alteration and are disbelieving of the truth of current IPCC clime anticipations. Many believe that it is non possible to project planetary clime accurately plenty to warrant the scopes projected for temperature and sea degree rise over the following century. – Some scientists province that planetary heating is chiefly caused by natural procedures and conclude that the ascertained heating is more likely attributable to natural causes than to human activities – Some scientists conclude that the cause of planetary heating is unknown and that no principal cause can be attributed to the ascertained rise temperatures, whether anthropological or natural. – Some scientists do non deny or corroborate that planetary heating is happening, nevertheless many believe that the associated effects of planetary heating will be of small impact to human society or the Earth ‘s environment develop and warrant your ain stance in relation to the argument ; show the taking issues for clime alteration impacts in your chosen subject country ; present key version demands for your chosen subject country. Emerging nymphs and teeming locusts have the ability to do terrible harm to harvests and grazing lands in the wheatbelt, every bit good as harm to intensive horticultural endeavors, featuring evidences, groves, vineries, gardens and other public and private installations from winging droves Weather is created out of altering heat and cold of the land mass and the oceans during each twenty-four hours and with the seasons. We are now doing profound alterations to these ancient systems through general heating and the instability between equatorial temperature rise and polar – some 3 & A ; deg ; C. 2005 was the 2nd warmest twelvemonth on record increased by accelerated thaw of Arctic sea ice and Siberian permafrost. In the oceans this has been exacerbated by the break of the planetary ocean current that warms Europe and the turning permanency of the El Nino in the Pacific. Climate theoretical accounts have been proposing for old ages that the equatorial and southern parts will go drier, with many countries traveling into lasting drouth. This includes some of the poorest lands in the universe where people are least able to accommodate, and some of the most thickly settled. This is climate alteration in a large manner! Earlier clime theoretical accounts have been excessively simplistic for the elaboratenesss of nature. There has been out of the blue rapid warming in the semitropicss ( at 30 grades north and south ) whereas the theoretical accounts predicted a more unvarying heating. These parts, which already have warm climes, include north Africa and the southern parts of China, Australia and South America. This will convey widespread drouth to these countries. The effects of conditions uncertainness are difficult to quantify, though here is an declarative list. See how each of these results would impact on you personally: Deluging from storms and exceeding rainfall impacts most to a great extent on the more fertile parts created from flood plains. City nutrient supplies are restricted or become really expensive, as happened late with Australian rock fruits and bananas. Sea rushs will massively impact low-lying parts where there are heavy populations, from the China seashore to Florida. Many of these are retirement oasiss. Mud slides where there has been heavy deforestation, most frequently near shanty towns where there has been minimum respect for possible prostration. More involved as most of the population addition is migrating to new suburban conurbation. Dry equatorial conditions ignites progressively immense wood fires that destroy a batch of the lumber used in building, every bit good as making fume haze and impacting wellness. More extended drouth that will go lasting in some countries, and will consequence the major grain-growing countries of Argentine and Australia. Dry conditions encourage droves of plagues, such as locusts, and wood-eating beetles to travel into fertile countries. Heat and fire thaws more permafrost, and this destabilises roads and edifices, taking to out-migration. Extensive loss of stock and harvest from all the above with immense effects for those in fringy nutrient countries. Some civilizations, such as those in cardinal Asia and east Africa that count their animate beings as wealth, will disintegrate. 9. Has planetary heating increased the frequence of locust pestilences around the universe? There is no strong grounds for this. Recent eruptions of locusts in many parts of the universe are more likely to be linked to above norm rainfall associated with normal, but mostly unpredictable climatic rhythms. 10. Are fluctuations in locust Numberss in Australia associated with El Ni? O or La Ni? a events? In Australia, strong El Ni? o* and La Ni? a* events have some influence on locust Numberss but can non wholly explicate the incidence of pestilences. Locust pestilences sometimes do, but non ever, occur when there is a strong La Ni? a event as this is associated with above norm rainfall. However, above mean rainfall may non needfully take to a locust eruption, as the critical factor in the development of a pestilence is the timing of rainfall events in relation to genteelness ( see FAQ 4 ) . [ *for a definition of El Ni? O and La Ni? a events see the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Climate Glossary ]There are concerns being expressed over the impact on farm animal, human wellness, the H2O supply, and the eco-system and what after effects will stay from the usage of these pesticides.He said the staggered hatchings, which arose because of recent fluctuations in temperature, would do things more hard as the population would be in different phases of development. †The 100s of 1000000s of locusts expected make this the biggest pestilence since 1973/74 and are a consequence of increased rainfall in Western Queensland. †

Statement of Cash Flows

Statement of Cash Flows Larry D. Abernathy ACC 421/Intermediate Financial Accounting I Richard Burden Statement of Cash Flows The facts contained in the balance sheet and the profit and loss statement is connected by the bridge that is the statement of cash flows. By recording the flow of cash and cash equivalents into and out of the company the statement of cash flow is a good indicator of a company’s health. Thus, the purpose of the statement of cash flow is to reflect in record form the cash balances reflected in the balance sheet.The statement of cash flow has three main sections and each section tells us a unique thing about the company. The operating section tells us how the company is generating and using cash to support its day to day activities. Specifically, it gives information about the payments for the sales of loans, debt or equity instruments in a trading portfolio, the interest payment, tax payment, payments to suppliers for goods and services, dividends on equ ity securities, interest received on loans, receipts received on loans and receipts from sale of goods and services.Also the cash flow statement helps assess the ability of the entity to pay its bills and meet its obligations. The investing section tells us how a company is using its cash to grow long-term. If you see a lot of investments outflow, that means that the company is investing in capital projects that will sustain its earnings in the long-term. It gives information about the investing activities that are used with operating activities. The cash that goes into the investing activity of the firm is disclose by the cash flow statement.This includes loans made to suppliers, assets like and, purchase. Financing sections tells us the equity and debt situation of the company or how a firm is raising money to support its short-term and long-term goals. In detail the cash in financing activities provides information about the proceeds from issuing shares, from issuing short term o r long term debt, from capital leases, repayment of debt principal, payments made for repurchase of shares and payments of dividends. Fundamentally, the purpose of the cash flow statement is to inform about the past sources of cash to forecast the bility of the entity's ability to generate a positive cash flow in the future. The cash flow statement provides information from where the entity's cash is coming from. Is it coming from operations mainly or it is coming from other sources. The cash flow statement also provides information about the effect of investment and financing on the operations of the business. There are three parts of the cash statement namely cash from operating activities, investing activities and financing activities.The cash flow statement gives us the opening balance of cash, the amount of cash received during the operating period, the amounts paid during the period, the net increase or decrease in cash for the period and the final cash flow balance. When asse ssing the financial strength of a business it is important to know the cash flow statement because it gives an idea if the firm will be able to pay salaries and other immediate expenses. The cash flow statement also gives information if the firm will be able to repay its creditor. The cash flow statement also informs the lender or potential lenders if the company is financially sound.The contractors and future employees can assess if the cash flows of the company will be able to pay them salaries. While assessing the financial strength of a business it is necessary to know the time, amount and chances of future cash flows, the cash flow statement provides this information. For assessing the financial strength of a firm it is important to compare the operating performance of different companies, the cash flow statement allows this comparison. Further, it is important to ass the changes in assets, liabilities and equity. The cash flow statement provides such an opportunity.Most import antly, it is necessary to know the liquidity and cash in hand of a firm. Essentially the cash flow statement helps assess the financial position of the company by indicating to an investor how much cash flowed into and out of the company over a period of time and in addition it helps reconcile the income statement with the balance sheet. The accounting assumptions that are used for preparing the income statement and the balance sheet are compared with the hard cash earned. No assumptions are made in the preparation of the cash flow statement, and there are not estimations in the cash flow statement.Finally, by closing observing the statement of cash flow, one can determine the solvency of a company and how liquid it is. Having excess cash is an indicator that a company is very liquid and will likely return money to the stakeholders and is likely to be in sound financial condition. If a company is struggling then it will have very little cash. It will struggle to meet its debt obliga tions and may go into bankruptcy as well. References The accounting process. (2010). Retrieved on December 12, 2012 from http://www. netmba. com/accounting/fin/process

Identify an Unknown - Experiment With Chemical Reactions

Identify an Unknown - Experiment With Chemical Reactions One exciting aspect of chemistry is that it explores how substances combine to form new ones. While a chemical reaction involves change, the atoms that are the basic building blocks of matter arent changed. They simply recombine in new ways. Students can explore how chemical reactions can be used to help identify the products of chemical reactions. Rather than randomly mix chemicals together, using the scientific method can help better understand what is occurring. Overview Students will learn about the scientific method and will explore chemical reactions. Initially, this activity allows students to use the scientific method to examine and identify a set of (nontoxic) unknown substances. Once the characteristics of these substances are known, the students can use the information to drawinference to identify unknown mixtures of these materials. Time Required: 3 hours or three one-hour sessions Grade Level: 5-7 Objectives To practice using the scientific method. To learn how to record observations and apply the information to perform more complex tasks. Materials Each group will need: plastic cupsmagnifying glass4 unknown powders in 4 plastic baggies:sugarsaltbaking sodacorn starch For the entire class: watervinegarheat sourceiodine solution Activities Remind students that they should never taste an unknown substance. Review the steps of the scientific method. Although the unknown powders are similar in appearance, each substance has characteristic properties that make it distinguishable from the other powders. Explain how the students can use their senses to examine the powders and record properties. Have them use sight (magnifying glass), touch, and smell to examine each powder. Observations should be written down. Students may be asked to predict the identity of the powders. Introduce heat, water, vinegar, and iodine. Explain the concepts chemical reactions and chemical change. A chemical reaction takes place when new products are made from the reactants. Signs of a reaction could include bubbling, temperature change, color change, smoke, or change in odor. You may wish to demonstrate how to mix chemicals, apply heat, or add indicator. If desired, use containers with labeled volume measurements to introduce students to the importance of recording quantities used in a scientific investigation. Students can put a specified amount of powder from the baggie into a cup (e.g., 2 scoops), then add vinegar or water or indicator. Cups and hands are to be washed between experiments. Make a chart with the following: What was the appearance of each powder?What happened when water was added to each powder?What happened when vinegar was added to each powder?Did all powders produce the same response?What happened when iodine solution was added to each powder?Why do you think this happened?If you predicted the identity of the powders, were your predictions correct? If not, how were they different?What are true identities of the mystery powders A-D?How did you determine the correct answer?Now, give the students a mystery powder made up using at least two of the four pure subtances. They are to test this mixture using the procedures they used on the pure substances. In addition, they may wish to design new experiments.AssessmentStudents may be evaluated on their ability to correctly identify the final unknown mixture. Points may be awarded for teamwork, staying on task, submission of data or a lab report, and ability to follow directions and follow safety rules.

The balance between different social classes in Qin

The balance between different social classes in Qin Great leadership depends on a leader’s ability to be fair even when faced with challenges. In this case, the law dictates that the needs of the meritorious people should be addressed before those of the less fortunate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The balance between different social classes in Qin specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The king is willing to throw away the available food rather than distribute it evenly among the people. He fears that such a fair act may bring disorderliness and upset the balance that exists between different social classes in Qin. To some extent, the king is right. This is because enactment of laws facilitates the presence and continuance of orderliness. As such, going against the law is not only risky but also wrong. In addition, the meritorious people have levels of influence and resources that might be used to discredit the king if he does not uphold his duties. This would e xplain why stratification of the people on social and economical grounds is more important than saving lives. The king believes that poor people would rather die than receive the level of treatment given to the rich. However, the food is collected from various regions (Five Parks) and is produced by both the rich and the poor from these regions. As such, it is only fair that the food be distributed evenly among them. With these undertones, it is clear that discrimination is rampant in Qin. Basing such a consequential decision (feeding the citizens) on discriminatory grounds is not right. Every human being has a fundamental right to live.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite what the law says, no one deserves to die simply because he/she does not belong to the elite members of a given society. There are alternatives that can be used to resolve this issue without l eading to the disorderliness mentioned by the king. A quota system can be implemented put in place to ensure that each member of the society gets a share of the available food. The meritorious people can have bigger shares of the food than the poor in a bid to uphold the law. It still would be unfair, but everyone would have food on the table as they wait for the famine to end. This would make the king look considerate in the eyes of the less fortunate, and reasonable among the meritorious people. Similarly, the king has the power to suspend this law if circumstances call for such an action. In this case, suspension of this law would save lives, thereby making it a logical decision. Failure to feed the people may lead to an uprising. Despite the laws in place, people cannot die knowing that there is a solution to their problem. They will be forced to fight back leading to chaos and disorderliness. Suspending this law would ensure that such results are averted. The last viable altern ative would be to come up with a tribunal, which would be set to address the needs of the poor people. Communication is extremely important in any society. This tribunal would act as a bridge between the rich and the poor. Members of the tribunal would collect the views of the poor and relay them to the king.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The balance between different social classes in Qin specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This would provide an excellent platform for negotiations on various issues that affect the people. In this case, the tribunal would negotiate a deal that is mutually beneficial to both parties, thereby minimizing the risk of disorderliness.

Ethical issues with the artificial intelligence of computers Research Paper

Ethical issues with the artificial intelligence of computers - Research Paper Example Additionally, to the level that ethics is a rational recreation, the artificial intelligence could easily outstrip human beings in the value of its ethical thinking. Therefore, it is the role of the AI designer to cite its initial motivation. Since the artificial intelligence may turn out to be inevitably influential due to its intellectual power and the technologies it could invent, it is should be provided with people friendly motivations. Discussion Artificial intelligence of the computer is a computer science field responsible for inventing machines that can participate in intelligent attributes. The capacity to invent intelligent devices has intrigued people since the traditional times, and currently with the creation of the computer, and several decades of study in the artificial intelligence programming techniques, the vision of intelligent devices are becoming a reality, (Poole & Mackworth, 2010). Additionally, researchers are inventing intelligent systems that can impersonat e human thought, comprehend speech, outstrip the most intelligent human chess player and various other innovations never before possible. With these significant creations of artificial intelligence computers or machines, fascinating concerns have emerged. For instance, computer scientists, sociologists, psychologists and anthropologists are concerned about the future and ethical implications of these advanced creations. Emerging concerns includes, first, will the value of human life advance with development of artificial intelligence or not? What are possible ethical implications of artificial intelligence of computers? Finally, what beneficial types of artificial intelligence should be invented and how they are applied? This paper seeks to investigate and provide solutions to these concerns. Artificial intelligence of computers seeks to enhance and promote the value of human life. Various positive results in the modern society can emanate with the utilization of artificial intellig ence. For instance, intensive production and indirect reduced costs of production are evident in factories, industries and production lines. Operations better suited for machines have reduced errors and enhanced efficiency, for instance, the capacity to detect fraud and credit, (Berlatsky, 2011). Additionally, American Express and other institutions have invented an authoritarian assistant, which utilizes artificial intelligence to assess whether; a transaction is short of character for a card code. The authority assistant system is highly accurate compared to manual system, and it saves more time. Also, this and various, infinite other opportunities exist for employing artificial intelligence of devices to enhance efficiency. Artificial intelligence systems are being utilized to substitute human efforts in dangerous conditions. Artificial intelligence can withstand radioactive aspects and operate efficiently in conditions where there is restricted space and inadequate oxygen to inh ale. This alternative will alleviate unwarranted life losses because of possible accidents and unsecure conditions. In addition, artificial intelligence seeks to enhance the lives of old people. Experts agree that due to human demand to participate in their work, the attention and care for old people at home has declined, and the percentage requiring nursing attention has

The creation of professional police was for the benefit of the middle Essay

The creation of professional police was for the benefit of the middle classes, not society as a whole. Discuss - Essay Example (Dunham & Alpert, 1998; Sampson & Jeglum-Bartush, 1998; Kusow et al., 1997; Cao et al., 1996) It has always been a challenge on the part of UK policing to promote a safe environment for each of the local citizens who are residing in the country. (Newburn, 2003: p. 3) For this study, the history behind UK’s professional police will be discussed to give the readers a better idea with regards to the subject matter. Since determining the public’s satisfaction with regards to the ability of the police to minimize crime rates within the society is considered a crucial component of evaluating the overall performance of the police (Brown & Benedict, 2002), the student will undergo a research study to unveil the truth behind any forms of unequal services given by the professional police towards the society. In the process of searching for the truth, several evidences and reports will be thoroughly discussed as to whether or not professional police was created merely for the benefit of the middle class individuals. Since 1950s, UK’s government and public support in the promotion and strengthening of the professional police has been enormous. (Reiner, 1994) Between 1950s to the last quarter of 1960s, intensive support coming from the UK government and the general public were extended to professional police. For this reason, professional police throughout the United Kingdom has been considered as a ‘role model of successful policing’. (Reiner, 1992: p. 435) During the period of UK’s successful policing, the Scotland Yard detective together with the British bobby played a crucial role in conducting crime investigation aside from maintaining the peace and order within the society.† (Reiner, 1992: p. 435) It was only during the last quarter of 1970s onwards that the general public decided to withdrew their support with the

Jessica Banks Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jessica Banks Case - Essay Example ame, it has to be understood that Haywards has not said that Banks cannot have access to the data she had generated, and she can still try to get a copy with his consent if she approaches this issue in a more mature way. Secondly, it has to be discussed whether Bank has a right to continue with the research which she has been working on in Haywards lab even after she quit that job and joined in another institution (Bebeau 24). In that case, the contribution of the student and the mentor have to be assessed regarding the generation of the data before a decision is made (Bebeau 24). Also, the spirit of research has always been that of a collective effort (Bebeau 24). Thirdly, it has to be decided how she could maintain her independence and at the same time, her collegiality and her personal integrity regarding this issue (Bebeau 25). Both these interests seem to be mutually conflicting in this particular context Bebeau 25). Here, the major thing is that usually the mentors role has the risk of being undervalued by beginner researchers (Bebeau 25). And also, a researcher needs to have the support of the mentor to pursue a successful career on a long term basis (Bebeau 25-26). Finally, in this part of solving the problem, Banks is faced with another conflict in which she has to decide whether she should fulfill her obligation to respect her mentor at the cost of loosing her research data generated so far or whether she should refuse to obey her mentor and fulfill her perceived obligation to warn other students who have a possibility to be in a similar situation (Bebeau 26). As far as this question is concerned, the basic premise has to be that the mentor should clearly communicate to the students, the legal obligations regarding the research work and the student should also try to learn such matters in the beginning of the research itself (Bebeau 26). In Bebeaus four-part approach, the second aspect of the problem lies in determining who the interested

Student Life Essay Example for Free

Student Life Essay Having a healthy youth is not less than having an atomic bomb, but, to be well educated, would like to have a future full of hope.There is no doubt that the Albanian youth today is poured through her brain tide of time and with great sacrifice made its challenges. Jobs with which it deals today are of different natures, even degenerate. Her dynamic energy used and consumed rapidly in things, that is not worth even give each eye. Albanian university youth as the hope of the nation, that nation has forgotten to shave cultural and scientific creativity and create artistic value, which will be further push towards integration in civilized countries. It is isolated on attractions, burden-cafes are packed full of freshman student, while bookstores and libraries have become museums, rarely someone comes to visit. This youth needs new roads, modern tools for quality and seasoned academic work, support, incentives to cultivate arts, crafts, from whatever genre it is. These youth lack adequate representation in society, the lack of support structures, whether governmental or non-governmental. Lost confidence In ancient fortifications youth has been basis of triumph, therefore, wars have often occurred when soldiers won a majority of young and well educated, with Bonton clean and sober intellect and sound. People and youth leaders have entrusted to them, so that military commanders have made.Then why Albanian youth today has lost the confidence of the people and state leaders? Is the problem? Does crime surplus and deficit of morality among young people in disbelief and influenced the creation of a terrific opinion against them? These and many other questions are those that erode the reasonable soul of the young man, who when he sees how his friends drown in doubt, their doubts and wonders make it.According to some polls say that doubt in our daily lives has become everyday expressions and very serious spiritual illness simultaneously. Suspicion and distrust man drown quiet, how to believe in a young, which depends on several times a day and darkness of doubt ropes? Lack of collective lab or It is an undeniable fact that young Albanian university teasel is neglected when it comes to collective organization. Association, forums, and student unions is no less similar. Our youth lacks sense and experience to work and other major collective. Sometimes it happens that you see and hear how the student or the student does not Ð ·mon knowledge, science, art, etc. The collective work. Fare does not care for books, newspapers and magazines .Can not escape the challenges and problems in individual time when you have the problem of global character.Lack of collective labor Albanian university youth is the weakest and disturbing. Should a speed to realize a sustainable stability and create conditions for collective work, if we want to preserve our identity as young university and provide a sense of hope still. Where next?! To get out of laziness world in the art world, the world of activity, cultivation of knowledge and morality, our youth needs to stop is given by way of error. Should have watched the advantages of youth in civilized countries, are taught to seek their right to belong and to implement it.To return to the lost dignity Albanian university youth, veÐ ·anà «risht here in Tetovo, where the spaces of both Universities and schools have thousands of students, seriously need to get back to work and dress with ethical values, scientific and success permanent and dignified work.Youth to read for the success of the actions that will maintain, for the scientific and artistic activities. This would then view and the desired profile for the student who has taken the oath of parents, villagers and people to Ð ·ua country forward towards success and the civilized world.

The Problem of Heartburn for Americans :: essays research papers

Heartburn is a common condition for millions of Americans, which, contrary to popular belief, has absolutely nothing to do with the heart. (Peikin, 2004) For some, it is a pain in the chest that occurs possibly once or twice a month. For others, it could cause them pain weekly or even daily. Heartburn that does not occur very often is referred to as episodic heartburn. (NHBA, 2005) Frequent heartburn, for obvious reasons, describes heartburn occurring daily or weekly to more than fifty million Americans. (NHBA, 2005) Heartburn, as defined in the Webster’s New Encyclopedic Dictionary, is â€Å"a burning discomfort behind the lower end of the esophagus or of the upper part of the stomach.† (Merriam-Webster, 2002) It occurs just behind the chest bone, when digestive juices come up from the stomach and into the esophagus, irritating its lining. (NHBA, 2005) This happens if the lower esophageal sphincter, or LES, is weakened or relaxed by certain foods, or medicines such as heart medications, or those for the treatment of asthma. (Encarta, 2003) Heartburn can occur as a burning pain in the chest that can move up, all the way to the throat. (King, 2004) There are many causes leading to heartburn, many of which are what or how a person eats. Citrus fruits or juices, spicy foods, carbonated beverages, and alcoholic drinks are just some of the food-related causes of heartburn. (Peikin, 2004) When a person lies down or bends over, heartburn could possibly result. (King, 2004) Having a busy lifestyle or even wearing clothes that are too tight can also trigger heartburn. (NHBA) Even though there are many causes for heartburn, there are almost as many treatments for it. Avoiding the foods and drinks which trigger heartburn helps in Heartburn 3 eliminating it. (Encarta, 2003) It also helps to stay away from midnight snacks (Peikin, 2004) and to keep the head of your bed elevated six inches at night. (Encarta, 2003) If the person is overweight, it may help to drop the excess pounds. (Peikin, 2004) A person who smokes should quit in order to help prevent heartburn. (King, 2004) Over-the-counter antacids such as Alka-Seltzer, Pepto-Bismol, and Maalox are also recommended to treat heartburn. (NIH, 2003) Sometimes it just isn’t enough to make dietary and lifestyle changes, or even take over-the-counter medications. Prescription drugs such as Pepcid are useful in treatment. (Peikin, 2004) Home remedies such as baking soda mixed in water, aloe vera juice, and ginger ale have been used by families for decades for the treatment of heartburn.

Combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essay

The study is entitled Combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus). Specifically, it sought to find out how these two solutions (lemongrass and garlic) can effectively kill mosquitoes. It aimed at looking for an organic and safe measure in treating the abundance of mosquito. Ideally, the researcher’s study promotes a tandem between science and creation’s conservation. The materials composing the solution were 40 mL of the combined solution of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Garlic (Allium sativum). The set up was composed of experimental and control group. The experimental group was being sprayed using a specific commercial pesticide. On the other hand, the control group was being sprayed using the organic mosquito killer. Data were collected to gather relevant information. In the light of the findings of the study, it was found out that the solution composing of 40 mL solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopog on citratus) extract can kill mosquitoes in a short span of time compared with the commercial one. It took only _________before the mosquitoes died. II CHAPTER I Mosquitoes are vector agents that carry disease causing viruses and parasites that lead to life-threatening diseases from one person to person without catching the disease themselves. It prefers people over others. The preferential victim’s sweat simply smells better than others because of the proportions of the carbon dioxide and other compounds that make up the body odor. A large part of the mosquito’s sense of smell is devoted to sniffing out human targets. Mosquitoes are estimated to transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually in Africa, South America, Central America, Mexico, and much of Asia with millions of resulting deaths. At least 2 million people annually die of these diseases. Today, not just our whole country, Philippines, but also the entire world is facing huge problems in relation to the abundance of mosquitoes in the community. In fact, many alternatives and methods such as different kinds of drugs, vaccines, insecticides, nets and repellants are now discovered and created in order to eradicate mosquitoes, prevent diseases, and protect individuals. We opted to make this study to pursue an alternative organic agent of mosquito eradication. The result of this study is to propose an alternative but organic and safe solution in treating the abundance of mosquito in our locality. Moreover, this aimed to significantly help the residents who are greatly affected by these mosquitoes in a way that this study will provide them a new avenue in treating the great number of mosquitoes. 1 This study entitled Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) as Mosquito Killer is aimed to know the insecticidal effect of Allium sativum and Cymbopogon citratus on mosquitoes in terms of: a. How effective is the Garlic (Alium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)? b. What is the compared time duration of the commercial product and experimental product? The study hypothesized that the combined solution of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) is more likely effective than commercial product on mosquitoes in terms of the number of mosquitoes that will die. The conduct of this study is significant in lessening the number of mosquitoes all over the country. This would extend an alternative solution for everybody spend less amount of money in treating the abundance of mosquitoes here in our locality and therefore cooperation and resourcefulness will primarily be observed by the people. Specifically, this will bring benefits to the following: Government. This would provide the government a new avenue in lessening the number of mosquitoes. The materials that will be used are recycled and organic in which their availability is easily utilized and therefore they will spend less amount of money in  treatment for the abundance of mosquitoes in the society. Residents. This study raises the awareness level of residents in our country. They would be able to foresee the importance of being resourceful of the things in our surroundings . 2 This study focused on the insecticidal effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) andLemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on mosquitoes. The materials used were just gathered around the researchers’ household. The investigation utilized 6 mosquitoes that were placed in a transparent container. Mosquito. From the Spanish or Portuguese meaning little fly is a common insect in the family Culicidate (from the Latin culex meaning midge or gnat). Mosquitoes resemble crane flies (family Tupilidae) and chironomid flies (family Chironomidae), with which they are sometimes confused by the casual observer. Organic. Any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. Geraniol. A monoterpenoid and an alco0hol. It is the primary part of rose oil, palmarosa oil, and citronella oil (Java type). It also occurs in small quantities in geranium, lemon, and many other essential oils. Solution. A homogenous mixture composed of two substances. Erradicate. Get rid of something completely. Insecticide. A chemical substance used to kill insects. 3 5 CHAPTER II Allium sativum yields allicin, an antibiotic and antifungal compound (phytoncide). It has been claimed that it can be used as a home remedy to help speed recovery from throat or other minor ailments because of its antibiotic properties. It also contains the sulfur-contaning compounds alliin, ajoene, diallylsulfide, dithiin, S-allylcysteine, and enzymes,  vitamin B, proteins, minerals, saponins, flavonoids, and maillard reaction products which are non-sulfur containing compounds. Furthermore a phytoalexin called allixin was found, inhibiting skin tumor formation. Herein, allixin and/or its analogs may be expected useful compounds for cancer prevention or chemotherapy agents for other diseases. The composition of the bulbs is approximately 84.09% water, 13.38% organic matter, and 1.53% inorganic matter, while the leaves are 87.14% water, 11.27% organic matter, and 1.59% inorganic matter. Fresh C. citratus grass contains approximately 0.4% volatile oil. The oil contains 65% to 85% citral, a mixture of 2 geometric isomers, geraniol and neral. Related compounds geraniol, geranic acid, and nerolic acid have also been identified. More than a dozen of other minor fragrant components were also found. Research has shown geraniol to be an effective plant-based mosquito repellant. Another popular theory is that ingesting garlic can provide protection against mosquitoes. A University of Connecticut study examined this claim with a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study. The data didn’t provide evidence of significant mosquito repellence. However, subject only consumed garlic once, and the researchers say that more prolonged ingestion may be needed. There are also other natural mosquito repellants that are being researched like the Fennel, Thyme, Clove oil, Celery extract, Neem oil, Vitamin B1. Biopesticide insect repellants (sometimes called â€Å"natural†, â€Å"botanical† or â€Å"plant-based†) has been proven to be as effective as those containing synthetic chemical 4  compounds like DEET. Remember, however, that â€Å"natural† doesn’t always mean safe, so you should use plant-based insect repellants as carefully as any other. With the literature presented above, it can be seen that the study has some bearing capabilities and properties to other work in the sense that it tackles the capacity of some organic materials such garlic juice and lemongrass oil as effective mosquito repellant. C Chapter III Materials: ï‚ · Blender ï‚ · Spray bottle ï‚ · Used Cloth ï‚ · Plastic containers ï‚ · Knife ï‚ · Garlic ï‚ · Lemongrass ï‚ · Grater ï‚ · Measuring cup General Procedure Preparation of the Solution Materials were first gathered before the conduct of the experiment Cymbopogon citratus and Allium sativum were extracted using a used cloth. The extract of each ingredient was stored for two days. Then, both ingredients were measured to the desired amount. The set up was composed of 20 mL Cymbopogon citratus extract and 20 ML Allium sativum extract. Application of the Solution After preparing the experimental set up, the solution was being sprayed on the container with mosquitoes. Each set up was composed of two trials. The time it took before the mosquitoes died was observed and recorded Figure1. Flow of the Methodology Chapter IV This chapter presents the data and observations  obtained from the experimentation. Furthermore, it shows the discussions that support the underlying problems under investigation. Table1. Garlic (Allium sativum) and Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) as Moquito killer The table above shows the comparison of Experimental Setup and Control Setup having the same and equal mass upon applying the solution to the mosquitoes. Table 2. The time it took before the mosquitoes died. Trial Time Experimental Setup Control Setup Average The data above show that the solution composed of 40 mL Cymbopogon citratus extract and 40 mL Allium sativum extract has the capacity to kill mosquitoes with the minimum time of only 2.36 minutes. Chapter V This chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the study under investigation. SUMMARY The study focused on making an alternative agent of eradicating great number of mosquitoes. Specifically, it sought to find out the insecticidal effect ofCymbopogon citratus and Allium sativum on mosquitoes. It aimed at looking for an organic and safe measure in treating the abundance of mosquito. Ideally, our study would promote a tandem between science and creation’s conservation. The solution’s composition provided a simple how-to ways help people eradicate great number of mosquitoes in the locality. The materials composing the solution were 40  mL Cymbopogon citratus extract and 40 mL Allium sativumextract. The set up was composed of two trials. The solution was being sprayed on the containers with mosquitoes. Data were collected to gather relevant information. From the experimentation, it was found out that the solution composing of 40 mL Cymbopogon citratus extract and 40 mL Allium Sativum extract is effective mosquito killer. It only took 2.45 minutes before the mosquito died. CONCLUSIONS Arriving at our results and outputs, we came up that Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Garlic (Allium sativum) are effective mosquito killer. It only takes at least 2.45 minutes before the effects will be observed. RECOMMENDATIONS From the investigation, the researchers would like to recommend this study to the students who would pursue the Garlic (Allium sativum) and Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass) as Mosquito Killer to find other insects in which the solution is applicable and conduct further study on the utilization of the solution.

General Security Policy

Sample Information Security Policy I. POLICY A. It is the policy of ORGANIZATION XYZ that information, as defined hereinafter, in all its forms–written, spoken, recorded electronically or printed–will be protected from accidental or intentional unauthorized modification, destruction or disclosure throughout its life cycle. This protection includes an appropriate level of security over the equipment and software used to process, store, and transmit that information. B. All policies and procedures must be documented and made available to individuals responsible for their implementation and compliance. All activities identified by the policies and procedures must also be documented. All the documentation, which may be in electronic form, must be retained for at least 6 (six) years after initial creation, or, pertaining to policies and procedures, after changes are made. All documentation must be periodically reviewed for appropriateness and currency, a period of time to be determined by each entity within ORGANIZATION XYZ. C. At each entity and/or department level, additional policies, standards and procedures will be developed detailing the implementation of this policy and set of standards, and addressing any additional information systems functionality in such entity and/or department. All departmental policies must be consistent with this policy. All systems implemented after the effective date of these policies are expected to comply with the provisions of this policy where possible. Existing systems are expected to be brought into compliance where possible and as soon as practical. II. SCOPE A. The scope of information security includes the protection of the confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. B. The framework for managing information security in this policy applies to all ORGANIZATION XYZ entities and workers, and other Involved Persons and all Involved Systems throughout ORGANIZATION XYZ as defined below in INFORMATION SECURITY DEFINITIONS. C. This policy and all standards apply to all protected health information and other classes of protected information in any form as defined below in INFORMATION CLASSIFICATION. III. RISK MANAGEMENT A. A thorough analysis of all ORGANIZATION XYZ information networks and systems will be conducted on a periodic basis to document the threats and vulnerabilities to stored and transmitted information. The analysis will examine the types of threats – internal or external, natural or manmade, electronic and non-electronic– that affect the ability to manage the information resource. The analysis will also document the existing vulnerabilities within each entity which potentially expose the information resource to the threats. Finally, the analysis will also include an evaluation of the information assets and the technology associated with its collection, storage, dissemination and protection. From the combination of threats, vulnerabilities, and asset values, an estimate of the risks to the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the information will be determined. The frequency of the risk analysis will be determined at the entity level. B. Based on the periodic assessment, measures will be implemented that reduce the impact of the threats by reducing the amount and scope of the vulnerabilities. IV. INFORMATION SECURITY DEFINITIONS Affiliated Covered Entities: Legally separate, but affiliated, covered entities which choose to designate themselves as a single covered entity for purposes of HIPAA. Availability: Data or information is accessible and usable upon demand by an authorized person. Confidentiality: Data or information is not made available or disclosed to unauthorized persons or processes. HIPAA: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, a federal law passed in 1996 that affects the healthcare and insurance industries. A key goal of the HIPAA regulations is to protect the privacy and confidentiality of protected health information by setting and enforcing standards. Integrity: Data or information has not been altered or destroyed in an unauthorized manner. Involved Persons: Every worker at ORGANIZATION XYZ — no matter what their status. This includes physicians, residents, students, employees, contractors, consultants, temporaries, volunteers, interns, etc. Involved Systems: All computer equipment and network systems that are operated within the ORGANIZATION XYZ environment. This includes all platforms (operating systems), all computer sizes (personal digital assistants, desktops, mainframes, etc. ), and all applications and data (whether developed in-house or licensed from third parties) contained on those systems. Protected Health Information (PHI): PHI is health information, including demographic information, created or received by the ORGANIZATION XYZ entities which relates to the past, present, or future physical or mental health or condition of an individual; the provision of health care to an individual; or the past, present, or future payment for the provision of health care to an individual and that identifies or can be used to identify the individual. Risk: The probability of a loss of confidentiality, integrity, or availability of information resources. V. INFORMATION SECURITY RESPONSIBILITIES A. Information Security Officer: The Information Security Officer (ISO) for each entity is responsible for working with user management, owners, custodians, and users to develop and implement prudent security policies, procedures, and controls, subject to the approval of ORGANIZATION XYZ. Specific responsibilities include: 1. Ensuring security policies, procedures, and standards are in place and adhered to by entity. 2. Providing basic security support for all systems and users. 3. Advising owners in the identification and classification of computer resources. See Section VI Information Classification. 4. Advising systems development and application owners in the implementation of security controls for information on systems, from the point of system design, through testing and production implementation. 5. Educating custodian and user management with comprehensive information about security controls affecting system users and application systems. 6. Providing on-going employee security education. 7. Performing security audits. 8. Reporting regularly to the ORGANIZATION XYZ Oversight Committee on entity’s status with regard to information security. B. Information Owner: The owner of a collection of information is usually the manager responsible for the creation of that information or the primary user of that information. This role often corresponds with the management of an organizational unit. In this context, ownership does not signify proprietary interest, and ownership may be shared. The owner may delegate ownership responsibilities to another individual by completing the ORGANIZATION XYZ Information Owner Delegation Form. The owner of information has the responsibility for: 1. Knowing the information for which she/he is responsible. 2. Determining a data retention period for the information, relying on advice from the Legal Department. 3. Ensuring appropriate procedures are in effect to protect the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the information used or created within the unit. 4. Authorizing access and assigning custodianship. 5. Specifying controls and communicating the control requirements to the custodian and users of the information. 6. Reporting promptly to the ISO the loss or misuse of ORGANIZATION XYZ information. 7. Initiating corrective actions when problems are identified. 8. Promoting employee education and awareness by utilizing programs approved by the ISO, where appropriate. 9. Following existing approval processes within the respective organizational unit for the selection, budgeting, purchase, and implementation of any computer system/software to manage information. C. Custodian: The custodian of information is generally responsible for the processing and storage of the information. The custodian is responsible for the administration of controls as specified by the owner. Responsibilities may include: 1. Providing and/or recommending physical safeguards. 2. Providing and/or recommending procedural safeguards. 3. Administering access to information. 4. Releasing information as authorized by the Information Owner and/or the Information Privacy/ Security Officer for use and disclosure using procedures that protect the privacy of the information. 5. Evaluating the cost effectiveness of controls. 6. Maintaining information security policies, procedures and standards as appropriate and in consultation with the ISO. 7. Promoting employee education and awareness by utilizing programs approved by the ISO, where appropriate. 8. Reporting promptly to the ISO the loss or misuse of ORGANIZATION XYZ information. 9. Identifying and responding to security incidents and initiating appropriate actions when problems are identified. D. User Management: ORGANIZATION XYZ management who supervise users as defined below. User management is responsible for overseeing their employees' use of information, including: 1. Reviewing and approving all requests for their employees access authorizations. . Initiating security change requests to keep employees' security record current with their positions and job functions. 3. Promptly informing appropriate parties of employee terminations and transfers, in accordance with local entity termination procedures. 4. Revoking physical access to terminated employees, i. e. , confiscating keys, changing combination locks, etc. 5. Providing employees with the opportunity for training needed to properly use the computer systems. 6. Reporting promptly to the ISO the loss or misuse of ORGANIZATION XYZ information. 7. Initiating corrective actions when problems are identified. 8. Following existing approval processes within their respective organization for the selection, budgeting, purchase, and implementation of any computer system/software to manage information. E. User: The user is any person who has been authorized to read, enter, or update information. A user of information is expected to: 1. Access information only in support of their authorized job responsibilities. 2. Comply with Information Security Policies and Standards and with all controls established by the owner and custodian. 3. Refer all disclosures of PHI (1) outside of ORGANIZATION XYZ and (2) within ORGANIZATION XYZ, other than for treatment, payment, or health care operations, to the applicable entity’s Medical/Health Information Management Department. In certain circumstances, the Medical/Health Information Management Department policies may specifically delegate the disclosure process to other departments. (For additional information, see ORGANIZATION XYZ Privacy/Confidentiality of Protected Health Information (PHI) Policy. ) 4. Keep personal authentication devices (e. g. passwords, SecureCards, PINs, etc. confidential. 5. Report promptly to the ISO the loss or misuse of ORGANIZATION XYZ information. 6. Initiate corrective actions when problems are identified. VI. INFORMATION CLASSIFICATION Classification is used to promote proper controls for safeguarding the confidentiality of information. Regardless of classification the integrity and accuracy of all classifications of information must be pr otected. The classification assigned and the related controls applied are dependent on the sensitivity of the information. Information must be classified according to the most sensitive detail it includes. Information recorded in several formats (e. g. , source document, electronic record, report) must have the same classification regardless of format. The following levels are to be used when classifying information: A. Protected Health Information (PHI) 1. PHI is information, whether oral or recorded in any form or medium, that: a. is created or received by a healthcare provider, health plan, public health authority, employer, life insurer, school or university or health clearinghouse; and b. relates to past, present or future physical or mental ealth or condition of an individual, the provision of health care to an individual, or the past present or future payment for the provision of health care to an individual; and c. includes demographic data, that permits identification of the individual or could reasonably be used to identify the individual. 2. Unauthorized or improper disclosure, modification, or destruction of this information could violate state and federal laws, result in c ivil and criminal penalties, and cause serious damage to ORGANIZATION XYZ and its patients or research interests. B. Confidential Information 1. Confidential Information is very important and highly sensitive material that is not classified as PHI. This information is private or otherwise sensitive in nature and must be restricted to those with a legitimate business need for access. Examples of Confidential Information may include: personnel information, key financial information, proprietary information of commercial research sponsors, system access passwords and information file encryption keys. 2. Unauthorized disclosure of this information to people without a business need for access may violate laws and regulations, or may cause significant problems for ORGANIZATION XYZ, its customers, or its business partners. Decisions about the provision of access to this information must always be cleared through the information owner. C. Internal Information 1. Internal Information is intended for unrestricted use within ORGANIZATION XYZ, and in some cases within affiliated organizations such as ORGANIZATION XYZ business partners. This type of information is already idely-distributed within ORGANIZATION XYZ, or it could be so distributed within the organization without advance permission from the information owner. Examples of Internal Information may include: personnel directories, internal policies and procedures, most internal electronic mail messages. 2. Any information not explicitly classified as PHI, Confidential or Public will, by default, be classified as Internal Information. 3. Unauthorized disclosure of this information to outsiders may not be appropriate due to legal or contractual provisions. D. Public Information 1. Public Information has been specifically approved for public release by a designated authority within each entity of ORGANIZATION XYZ. Examples of Public Information may include marketing brochures and material posted to ORGANIZATION XYZ entity internet web pages. 2. This information may be disclosed outside of ORGANIZATION XYZ. VII. COMPUTER AND INFORMATION CONTROL All involved systems and information are assets of ORGANIZATION XYZ and are expected to be protected from misuse, unauthorized manipulation, and destruction. These protection measures may be physical and/or software based. A. Ownership of Software: All computer software developed by ORGANIZATION XYZ employees or contract personnel on behalf of ORGANIZATION XYZ or licensed for ORGANIZATION XYZ use is the property of ORGANIZATION XYZ and must not be copied for use at home or any other location, unless otherwise specified by the license agreement. B. Installed Software: All software packages that reside on computers and networks within ORGANIZATION XYZ must comply with applicable licensing agreements and restrictions and must comply with ORGANIZATION XYZ acquisition of software policies. C. Virus Protection: Virus checking systems approved by the Information Security Officer and Information Services must be deployed using a multi-layered approach (desktops, servers, gateways, etc. ) that ensures all electronic files are appropriately scanned for viruses. Users are not authorized to turn off or disable virus checking systems. D. Access Controls: Physical and electronic access to PHI, Confidential and Internal information and computing resources is controlled. To ensure appropriate levels of access by internal workers, a variety of security measures will be instituted as recommended by the Information Security Officer and approved by ORGANIZATION XYZ. Mechanisms to control access to PHI, Confidential and Internal information include (but are not limited to) the following methods: 1. Authorization: Access will be granted on a â€Å"need to know† basis and must be authorized by the immediate supervisor and application owner with the assistance of the ISO. Any of the following methods are acceptable for providing access under this policy: . Context-based access: Access control based on the context of a transaction (as opposed to being based on attributes of the initiator or target). The â€Å"external† factors might include time of day, location of the user, strength of user authentication, etc. b. Role-based access: An alternative to traditional access control models (e. g. , discretionary or non-discretionary access control po licies) that permits the specification and enforcement of enterprise-specific security policies in a way that maps more naturally to an organization’s structure and business activities. Each user is assigned to one or more predefined roles, each of which has been assigned the various privileges needed to perform that role. c. User-based access: A security mechanism used to grant users of a system access based upon the identity of the user. 2. Identification/Authentication: Unique user identification (user id) and authentication is required for all systems that maintain or access PHI, Confidential and/or Internal Information. Users will be held accountable for all actions performed on the system with their user id. a. At least one of the following authentication methods must be implemented: 1. strictly controlled passwords (Attachment 1 – Password Control Standards), 2. biometric identification, and/or 3. tokens in conjunction with a PIN. b. The user must secure his/her authentication control (e. g. password, token) such that it is known only to that user and possibly a designated security manager. c. An automatic timeout re-authentication must be required after a certain period of no activity (maximum 15 minutes). d. The user must log off or secure the system when leaving it. 3. Data Integrity: ORGANIZATION XYZ must be able to provide corroboration that PHI, Confidential, and Internal Information has not been altered or destroyed in an unauthorized manner. Listed below are some methods that support data integrity: a. transaction audit b. disk redundancy (RAID) c. ECC (Error Correcting Memory) d. checksums (file integrity) e. encryption of data in storage f. digital signatures 4. Transmission Security: Technical security mechanisms must be put in place to guard against unauthorized access to data that is transmitted over a communications network, including wireless networks. The following features must be implemented: a. integrity controls and b. encryption, where deemed appropriate 5. Remote Access: Access into ORGANIZATION XYZ network from outside will be granted using ORGANIZATION XYZ approved devices and pathways on an individual user and application basis. All other network access options are strictly prohibited. Further, PHI, Confidential and/or Internal Information that is stored or accessed remotely must maintain the same level of protections as information stored and accessed within the ORGANIZATION XYZ network. 6. Physical Access: Access to areas in which information processing is carried out must be restricted to only appropriately authorized individuals. The following physical controls must be in place: a. Mainframe computer systems must be installed in an access-controlled area. The area in and around the computer facility must afford protection against fire, water damage, and other environmental hazards such as power outages and extreme temperature situations. b. File servers containing PHI, Confidential and/or Internal Information must be installed in a secure area to prevent theft, destruction, or access by unauthorized individuals. . Workstations or personal computers (PC) must be secured against use by unauthorized individuals. Local procedures and standards must be developed on secure and appropriate workstation use and physical safeguards which must include procedures that will: 1. Position workstations to minimize unauthorized viewing of protected health information. 2. Grant workst ation access only to those who need it in order to perform their job function. 3. Establish workstation location criteria to eliminate or minimize the possibility of unauthorized access to protected health information. 4. Employ physical safeguards as determined by risk analysis, such as locating workstations in controlled access areas or installing covers or enclosures to preclude passerby access to PHI. 5. Use automatic screen savers with passwords to protect unattended machines. d. Facility access controls must be implemented to limit physical access to electronic information systems and the facilities in which they are housed, while ensuring that properly authorized access is allowed. Local policies and procedures must be developed to address the following facility access control requirements: 1. Contingency Operations – Documented procedures that allow facility access in support of restoration of lost data under the disaster recovery plan and emergency mode operations plan in the event of an emergency. 2. Facility Security Plan – Documented policies and procedures to safeguard the facility and the equipment therein from unauthorized physical access, tampering, and theft. 3. Access Control and Validation – Documented procedures to control and validate a person’s access to facilities based on their role or function, including visitor control, and control of access to software programs for testing and revision. . Maintenance records – Documented policies and procedures to document repairs and modifications to the physical components of the facility which are related to security (for example, hardware, walls, doors, and locks). 7. Emergency Access: a. Each entity is required to establish a mechanism to provide emergency access to systems and ap plications in the event that the assigned custodian or owner is unavailable during an emergency. b. Procedures must be documented to address: 1. Authorization, 2. Implementation, and 3. Revocation E. Equipment and Media Controls: The disposal of information must ensure the continued protection of PHI, Confidential and Internal Information. Each entity must develop and implement policies and procedures that govern the receipt and removal of hardware and electronic media that contain PHI into and out of a facility, and the movement of these items within the facility. The following specification must be addressed: 1. Information Disposal / Media Re-Use of: a. Hard copy (paper and microfilm/fiche) b. Magnetic media (floppy disks, hard drives, zip disks, etc. ) and c. CD ROM Disks 2. Accountability: Each entity must maintain a record of the movements of hardware and electronic media and any person responsible therefore. 3. Data backup and Storage: When needed, create a retrievable, exact copy of electronic PHI before movement of equipment. F. Other Media Controls: 1. PHI and Confidential Information stored on external media (diskettes, cd-roms, portable storage, memory sticks, etc. ) must be protected from theft and unauthorized access. Such media must be appropriately labeled so as to identify it as PHI or Confidential Information. Further, external media containing PHI and Confidential Information must never be left unattended in unsecured areas. 2. PHI and Confidential Information must never be stored on mobile computing devices (laptops, personal digital assistants (PDA), smart phones, tablet PC’s, etc. ) unless the devices have the following minimum security requirements implemented: a. Power-on passwords b. Auto logoff or screen saver with password c. Encryption of stored data or other acceptable safeguards approved by Information Security Officer Further, mobile computing devices must never be left unattended in unsecured areas. . If PHI or Confidential Information is stored on external medium or mobile computing devices and there is a breach of confidentiality as a result, then the owner of the medium/device will be held personally accountable and is subject to the terms and conditions of ORGANIZATION XYZ Information Security Policies and Confidentiality Statement signed as a condition of employme nt or affiliation with ORGANIZATION XYZ. H. Data Transfer/Printing: 1. Electronic Mass Data Transfers: Downloading and uploading PHI, Confidential, and Internal Information between systems must be strictly controlled. Requests for mass downloads of, or individual requests for, information for research purposes that include PHI must be approved through the Internal Review Board (IRB). All other mass downloads of information must be approved by the Application Owner and include only the minimum amount of information necessary to fulfill the request. Applicable Business Associate Agreements must be in place when transferring PHI to external entities (see ORGANIZATION XYZ policy B-2 entitled â€Å"Business Associates†). 2. Other Electronic Data Transfers and Printing: PHI, Confidential and Internal Information must be stored in a manner inaccessible to unauthorized individuals. PHI and Confidential information must not be downloaded, copied or printed indiscriminately or left unattended and open to compromise. PHI that is downloaded for educational purposes where possible should be de-identified before use. I. Oral Communications: ORGANIZATION XYZ staff should be aware of their surroundings when discussing PHI and Confidential Information. This includes the use of cellular telephones in public areas. ORGANIZATION XYZ staff should not discuss PHI or Confidential Information in public areas if the information can be overheard. Caution should be used when conducting conversations in: semi-private rooms, waiting rooms, corridors, elevators, stairwells, cafeterias, restaurants, or on public transportation. J. Audit Controls: Hardware, software, and/or procedural mechanisms that record and examine activity in information systems that contain or use PHI must be implemented. Further, procedures must be implemented to regularly review records of information system activity, such as audit logs, access reports, and security incident tracking reports. These reviews must be documented and maintained for six (6) years. K. Evaluation: ORGANIZATION XYZ requires that periodic technical and non-technical evaluations be performed in response to environmental or operational changes affecting the security of electronic PHI to ensure its continued protection. L. Contingency Plan: Controls must ensure that ORGANIZATION XYZ can recover from any damage to computer equipment or files within a reasonable period of time. Each entity is required to develop and maintain a plan for responding to a system emergency or other occurrence (for example, fire, vandalism, system failure and natural disaster) that damages systems that contain PHI, Confidential, or Internal Information. This will include developing policies and procedures to address the following: 1. Data Backup Plan: a. A data backup plan must be documented and routinely updated to create and maintain, for a specific period of time, retrievable exact copies of information. b. Backup data must be stored in an off-site location and protected from physical damage. . Backup data must be afforded the same level of protection as the original data. 2. Disaster Recovery Plan: A disaster recovery plan must be developed and documented which contains a process enabling the entity to restore any loss of data in the event of fire, vandalism, natural disaster, or system failure. 3. Emergency Mode Operation Plan: A plan must be developed and documented which c ontains a process enabling the entity to continue to operate in the event of fire, vandalism, natural disaster, or system failure. 4. Testing and Revision Procedures: Procedures should be developed and documented requiring periodic testing of written contingency plans to discover weaknesses and the subsequent process of revising the documentation, if necessary. 5. Applications and Data Criticality Analysis: The criticality of specific applications and data in support of other contingency plan components must be assessed and documented. Compliance [ § 164. 308(a)(1)(ii)(C)] A. The Information Security Policy applies to all users of ORGANIZATION XYZ information including: employees, medical staff, students, volunteers, and outside affiliates. Failure to comply with Information Security Policies and Standards by employees, medical staff, volunteers, and outside affiliates may result in disciplinary action up to and including dismissal in accordance with applicable ORGANIZATION XYZ procedures, or, in the case of outside affiliates, termination of the affiliation. Failure to comply with Information Security Policies and Standards by students may constitute grounds for corrective action in accordance with ORGANIZATION XYZ procedures. Further, penalties associated with state and federal laws may apply. B. Possible disciplinary/corrective action may be instituted for, but is not limited to, the following: 1. Unauthorized disclosure of PHI or Confidential Information as specified in Confidentiality Statement. 2. Unauthorized disclosure of a sign-on code (user id) or password. 3. Attempting to obtain a sign-on code or password that belongs to another person. 4. Using or attempting to use another person's sign-on code or password. 5. Unauthorized use of an authorized password to invade patient privacy by examining records or information for which there has been no request for review. . Installing or using unlicensed software on ORGANIZATION XYZ computers. 7. The intentional unauthorized destruction of ORGANIZATION XYZ information. 8. Attempting to get access to sign-on codes for purposes other than official business, including completing fraudulent documentation to gain access. — ATTACHMENT 1 — Password Control Standards The ORGANIZATION XYZ Information Security Policy requi res the use of strictly controlled passwords for accessing Protected Health Information (PHI), Confidential Information (CI) and Internal Information (II). See ORGANIZATION XYZ Information Security Policy for definition of these protected classes of information. ) Listed below are the minimum standards that must be implemented in order to ensure the effectiveness of password controls. Standards for accessing PHI, CI, II: Users are responsible for complying with the following password standards: 1. Passwords must never be shared with another person, unless the person is a designated security manager. 2. Every password must, where possible, be changed regularly – (between 45 and 90 days depending on the sensitivity of the information being accessed) 3. Passwords must, where possible, have a minimum length of six characters. 4. Passwords must never be saved when prompted by any application with the exception of central single sign-on (SSO) systems as approved by the ISO. This feature should be disabled in all applicable systems. 5. Passwords must not be programmed into a PC or recorded anywhere that someone may find and use them. 6. When creating a password, it is important not to use words that can be found in dictionaries or words that are easily guessed due to their association with the user (i. e. children’s names, pets’ names, birthdays, etc†¦). A combination of alpha and numeric characters are more difficult to guess. Where possible, system software must enforce the following password standards: 1. Passwords routed over a network must be encrypted. 2. Passwords must be entered in a non-display field. 3. System software must enforce the changing of passwords and the minimum length. 4. System software must disable the user identification code when more than three consecutive invalid passwords are given within a 15 minute timeframe. Lockout time must be set at a minimum of 30 minutes. 5. System software must maintain a history of previous passwords and prevent their reuse.