Literature Review Celebrity Chef Essay Example for Free

literary works Review Celebrity Chef EssayThis analyse should bring all relevant facts ab step to the fore the subject and facilitate practiti one(a)rs and highlight areas for kick upstairs research. In short credit endorsement is about endorsing carrefours with the help from a distinction. Consumer association towards a famous person endorsed produced increases their purchase intention as many devour the laurels as a role model. However, it is important that the consumer can identify with the celebrity and that the celebrity? s discover fits with the produced he or she endorses, only past will celebrity backing be an effective advertising strategy. . 2. Background and Definition Nowadays, celebrities are drug abused in advertising in almost either context. Athletes such as Michael Ballack (Adidas) or Tiger Woods (Rolex) or models such as Cindy Crawford (Omega) or Heidi Klum (Katjes) endorse several products. These celebrities act as a vox in order to advertise and promote products (Kambitsis et al. , 2002). Celebrities can create more positive responses towards advertising and greater purchase intentions than non-celebrity ratifiers (Byrne et al. , 2003).Using celebrity as an endorser for a given product can either be positive or disconfirming for a company/ denounce. A footrace that turned out successfully was the campaign with Jamie Oliver as an endorser for the supermarket chain J. Sainsbury. The successful format of the TV production The naked chef provided an ideal platform to use for the advertising campaign within a context relevant for J. Sainsbury? s desire (Byrne, 2003). An example of a campaign that did not turn out successful was when J. Sainsbury used the agent John Cleese in the value to shout about campaign in 1998.Employees and customers alike felt that Cleese was not the right personality to personify the supermarkets whole tone image (Whitehead, 2003). In the literature at that place are two different definitions of cel ebrity endorsers used. The definitions used are A celebrity endorser is an individual who is known to the mankind (actor, sports figure, entertainer, etc. ) for his or her achievements in areas other than that of the product class endorsed. (Friedman, 1979, p. 63) Any individual who enjoys public recognition and who uses the recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement. McCracken, 1989, p. 310) In other words these definitions says that an individual who is known to the public in different ways. The individual is famous and utilizes his or her publicity to advertise a product that does not nurse anything to do with the individual fame. I consider McCracken? s definition as the most informative one as it is short and concise. The definition gives a clear view of what a celebrity endorser is. Previous studies have been done on consumers? response to celebrity endorsement in advertising.Results of these studies show that celebrities make advertisi ng believable and enhance message recall. Furthermore, when celebrities are recognized with brand names, it creates a positive attitude toward the brand and a distinct personality for the endorsed brand. In the following chapter the method used for this review will be introduced. The chapter will start with how a literature review is defined, followed by the literature search, method problems and quality standards. 2. 1. Definition of literature reviewConducting a literature review is about understanding a topic that has already been addressed, how it has been researched by other authors, and what the key issues are (Hart, 1998). According to the author Chris Hart (1998) the definition of a literature review is the selection of available documents both make and unpublished (in my review I will only study published academic documents), on the topic, which contains information, ideas, data and evidence written from a particular stand breaker point. 2. 2. Literature search, methodolog y used When searching for articles I used the databases Emerald, Ebsco and ProQuest.These databases were used because of the highest ranked journals in the field of marketing were listed there. I used the article Journal quality list (2008) issued by Harzading. com, research in international and cross-cultural management. High ranked journals increase the validity of the thesis, as validity is defined as The magnate of a scale or measuring instruments to measure what is intended to be measured(Zinkmund, 2000). I also tried to chance upon books relevant to the topic by using the library here at Les Roches International School of Hotel management as well as the library database google. scholar. . 3. Description of sub-topics Purchase intentions Describes what impact the celebrity endorser has on the consumers purchase intentions. A consumer is more likely to purchase complex or expensive products which are endorsed by celebrities rather than by non-celebrities. Daneshvary and Schwer (2000) point purchase intention as an environment of associations between endorsement and consumer, depending if the consumer can identify with that association and purpose. Consumers? association to celebrity endorsement/endorser How consumers associate/have a connection towards the celebrity endorsement/endorser.If a company want a consumer to associate to an endorsed product it is important to choose an endorser who uses the product and where that use is a reflection of professional expertise (Daneshvary and Schwer, 2000). A formula 1 driver endorsing helmets is good, while a tennis player endorsing car polish is little good (ibid). Consumers? attitudes towards the endorser The consumers? often have a positive attitude towards the product and the celebrity, despite the fact, that it is well known, that the endorser earned a lot when promoting the product (Cronley et al. 1999). Effectiveness of celebrity endorsement/endorsers How effective is the usage of celebrity endorsement. It is, most likely, more effective to use celebrity endorsement constantly to increase the military group of the link between the celebrity and the endorsed brand. It is also more effective to use a celebrity who is not associated with another product (Till, 1998). Positive/negative cause of celebrity endorsement the usage of celebrity endorsement can be both positive and /or negative, which can influence the company / brand in the end.For example, using celebrities can be very costly also, celebrities might switch to a competitor, which would then increase the risk of a negative impact (Agrawal and Kamakura, 1995). However, in can be said that celebrities in advertising are widely spread and persistent and the marketing executives continue to utilize celebrity endorsement as an advertising strategy (ibid). Profitability of celebrity endorsement The use of celebrity endorsement will hopefully lead to increased profitability.A study indicates that there is a positive impact of cele brity endorsement on the expected future profits, which recommends marketing managers to use celebrity endorsers in their advertising campaigns (Agrawal and Kamakura, 1995). Friedman/Friedman (1979)Does effectiveness of celebrity endorsement depend on the product? Interviews with 360 house wives Celebrity endorsements are not effective for all products Till (1998)What are the effects of celebrities endorsing more than 1 product?Case study with 99 students, who were shown different advertisings using the same celebrity endorserThe use of the same celebrity endorser to advertise for various products has got a negative impact on the efficiency of the ad, the product and the endorser. Atkin / Block (1983)Is celebrity endorsement effective in advertising and how does it influence customer purchase intentions look into with 196 visitation persons, where each participant was shown 3 versions of an ad. Each version featuring a celebrity endorser and a non-celebrity.Advertising using celebr ity endorsement is under limited conditions more effective than using non-celebrities. Choi et al. (2005)How can celebrities be used successfully in advertising? How effective is the recall-value and the emotional response to celebrity advertising? Experiment with different groups of test persons. Advertising with celebrities is more effective than using non-celebrities under special conditions. Sanbonmatsu / Kardes (1988)How does the credibility of a celebrity affect the consumer buy intention? Interviews with 542 persons.Consumer purchasing intentions are more effected using celebrities than using non-celebrities. Tripp et al. (1994) How do consumers judge the celebrity endorsement, the ad and the brand, if the celebrity endorses various products? What are the effects on purchasing behaviour? First Study interviews with 461 students. Second Study Interview with 10 test persons. Simultaneous advertising bowling ball the same celebrity has a negative effect on the ad, the produc t and the celebrity. Agrawal/Kamakura (1996)Which economical effects on advertising are there when using celebrities?Event-Study in regards to the effects on share prices trough the announcement of celebrity endorsementCelebrity endorsement can have a positive and a negative effect on share prices. Agrawal/Kamakura (1995)Can a single celebrity have a positive effect on the company? s value? Analysis of the share price of a company after announcing a celebrity endorserCelebrity endorsement can have a positive and a negative effect on share prices. Charbonneau / Garland (2005)How does a company find the right celebrity endorser for its products? Which criteria should be considered? Questionnaires 414 marketing managers at 148 advertising companies.

Video game speech Essay Example for Free

Video game speech EssayMurder, assault, theft and even rape. This is the type of degenerate criminal influences shown to YOUR electric razorren on a rise up-ordered daily basis. Series of dangerous, virtual and physical violence our preserved nine has tolerated for far too long, but I say NO more(prenominal). NO MORE influenced violence being shown upon our youths. NO MORE increased offence rates in our society and most definitely NO MORE children being denied their saved safety rights because as parents and guardians we OWE them at least this. I am not here today to tell you what you should and should not be showing to your child.I know that I have no right in telling you this. However I am here today to remind you of what YOU have already acknowledged, what YOU have been too afraid to admit to. Something YOU have been hiding from your children for a far more devastating way than you think a progressing life of liberty that is not bound to immoral games that are far belo w the approved age limit. I know, personally, that raising a child in a society maintained by constant evolving technology is hard and it can be beyond tempting to engage your child in the latest video games and games consoles.Nevertheless(prenominal), I want to tell what the reach of you succumbing to your temptations have done to your children and potentially the generations after. Did you know that 70% of young children aged between 6 10 years superannuated that regularly play any type of video game are mentally and physically inflicted by video games which can create a cooking stove reaction to an aggressive and lashing behavior? It is inwardly these aggravating behaviors that your child is becoming more and more dangerous in this reality as well as in the virtual world.They are given the impressions that their life is relatable to the video games they are compete and that they must react to their life issues with violence the way the characters within the video games wou ld react. An example of what I am initially trying to explain is the Norway massacre of 2012. One manhood. One man, who had become so mentally inflicted by playing unfounded video games and brutal games consoles since the young age of 9, had brutally massacred 77 people on the isolated island of Utoya, Norway.He became so mentally inflicted and attached to violent video games that he stated I had trained and prepared by playing call of duty for an average of 6 hours and 50 minutes every(prenominal) day to get ready for this day. Imagine is this was your child doing these disgusting, ruthless and vicious actions. Many of you may not see the outstanding effect and invasion of video games on your child right at this moment, but you WILL see the impact on your child in the nearby future and I can guarantee you will not like it.I know it is a terrible thought to think of your child acting as that man once did, but it is a potential circumstance. Video games are one of the key links b etween anger and violence most definitively with young children. red images and audio, brutal story backgrounds, realistic assassin characters are the main problems as they are most effective. The unaccompanied thing stopping our society from becoming a brutal, vicious town run by mentally afflicted and aggressive people are YOU.You can change not only our future, not only our town but the entire world and even the generations to come. Not only is your child becoming mentally inflicted by video games by also physically inflicted. The whole dead body internally and externally are becoming more and more modify through the constant use of video game consoles. With the privation of social interaction your childs mind is being affected as it will slowly deteriorate and will become illiterately desensitized.This will impact them in their daily routines such as brushing their teeth, memory loss and even with their school performance. The amount of sleep will also become majorly affect ed for your child due to the constant use of video games resulting in the pretermit of sleep. The internal organs can also become majorly affected as the lack of outside oxygen, lack of essential foods and drinks, lack of daily exercise and even lack of basic body movements can deprive the body of the necessary requirements demand to obtain it. The internal organs can become numb and slowly wither away.This will make your child weaker and less protected internally go away them open to all kinds of viruses and diseases that can potentially kill them. Alongside the internal organs becoming damaged, the external body can become immensely damaged as well. This can include vital parts of the body such as the eyes as they are continuously foc utilize upon a vivid screen, they will become weaker and damaged. This can cause your child to become visually impaired and potentially blind, which would make life much more difficult for them peculiarly at such as young age.Another body part which would become physically inflicted includes the hands and wrist area. With the hands constantly being used on the console controls, the thumbs and fingers would regularly cramp giving your child the increasing chance of arthritis. This includes the wrists cramping up also. This physically inflicted impairment can also create an unique shape for your childs hand and can cause disfigurement that can make it harder for them to write and use them for other regular duties such as picking up and holding items.A final and most important body part that is physically inflicted includes the entire lower body. With the lack of movement, your childs body will slowly start to stiffen and cramp up again much like the hands and wrists and can lead to lower body arthritis which is known to be much worse. To conclude, I would like to make sure you have all acknowledged the major effects of children constantly playing violent video games and games consoles. I want you all to remember these effe cts and think of your childs needs and benefits first before succumbing to your temptations.Think of the life your child would have to endure if they were sucked into the world of brutal and violent video games, but instead they could be living in a much healthier and less violent world of their own. Remember to live in a world with NO MORE influenced violence being shown upon our youths. NO MORE increased crime rates in our society and most definitely NO MORE children being denied their protected safety rights because as parents and guardians we OWE them at least this.

Recombinant Green Fluorescent Protein Purification

Recombinant Green Fluorescent Protein PurificationA series of experiments were performed on the E.coli strain BL21 pLysS pRSETA-GFPUV in decree to express and purify a recombinant form of Green Fluorescent Protein (rGFP) using Ni2+-Agarose chromatography based on the rGFP His6 get across properties. A rGFP crude extract (GCE) was collected and subsequent purified outcomeing in 10 washes and 10 elutions. A Bradford assay was performed on the first 6 exemplars of the washes and elutions to determine activity via relation back fluorescent units (RFUs). A sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-Page) followed to determine rightness of the samples and a Western Blot verified the presence of rGFP. The sample with the highest activity was the E3 having 31,927 RFUs with an enumerated purity of 10 percent and a molecular weight of 36 kDa. The estimated total yield of our protein is 2.07 ug.IntroductionFirst discovered by Osamu Shimomura in 1961, the Green Fluo rescent Protein (GFP) was insulated and identified as a protein that fluoresce green crystallise. When calcium binds to the photoprotein aequorin, in vitro aequorin produces blue light (1). However, in the original jelleyfish A. equorea victoria green light was produced. The green light produced was the result of a second protein GFP driving its excitation energy from aequorin (2). After purification, GFP is a protein of 238 amino acids absorbing blue light at 395 nm and emitting green light at nearly 509 nm (2, 3, 4). This chromophore is very stable towards multiple harsh conditions including extreme pH and heat (5). The Aequorea GFP also measures to be at 30 kDa monomer (6). amend rGFP required a unique way of identifying the protein without isolating other protein contaminants. This particular rGFP was tagged genetically to the N-terminal of the protein sequence. This tag is useful due to the unique property of the chromatography proficiency use. Using Ni2+ -agarose affinity ch romatography, the histadine tagged rGFP binds to the Ni2+ , thereby attaching this particular protein to the column. Next, the rGFP is eluted from the Ni2+ -agarose column by running a competitor compound that has a higher affinity for the Ni2+ called imidazole. The His6 tag unbinds from the column allowing the rGFP protein to be collected for experimental purposes (7).The purpose of this experiment is to express and purify the E. coli strain BL21(DE3) using Ni2+ -agarose affinity chromatography followed by the SDS-PAGE and Western Blot procedures to estimate purity and confirmation of the protein.Materials and MethodsExpression of rGFP and Preparation of the rGFP Crude Extract (GCE)The BL21(DE3) bacterial culture referred to as G was used to inoculate 10 ml mobile LB 100ug/ml Amp25ug/ml Cam branch media and grown overnight at 37 degrees celsius with vigorous shaking. OD600 of .1 of 500 ml of liquid LB growth media was achieved after a second inoculation was achieved with the cul ture grown overnight. The 500 ml culture was allowed to grow to OD600 reached .5 by vigorous shaking at 37 degrees celsius. The bacterial pellet was stored at -20 degrees celsius and labeled as G0 while 1 ml of the culture was pelleted in a centrifuge tube and induced with IPTG. At the time of induction the cultures relative time is zero. Three hours post induction, the culture was labeled G3, stored at -20 degrees celsius after the supernatant throw out. The same procedure was do to the G3-15 ml with the exception of pelleting 15 ml of the culture.Next, the culture was vortexed at 37 degrees celsius to lyse the bacteria. A 1 ml pause buffer was added, solution vortexed, and placed in a 37 degrees celsius water bath. After the centrifugation the supernatant was decanted into a new tube labeled GCE representing rGFP crude extract. (8).Purification of rGFP using Ni2+-Agarose Affinity ChromatographyA plastic syringe with a luer-lock was blocked by glass wool to hold in the Ni2+ Agar ose matrix. The syringe was then secured vertically using a ring stand and alter with approximately 100ul of buffer followed by 2 ml to ensure the removal of air bubbles trapped in the system. A 50 % slurry of Ni2+-agarose was added to 500 ul buffer on top of the glass wool. The system is then opened to ensure packing of the agarose matrix towards the bottom. The final footstep in setting up the column is the pre-equilibration step which is the addition of breaking buffer to the column while the leur-lock is open until the ethanol is out of the system.After storing away 100 ul of GCE for future use, 1 ml of breaking buffer was added to the centrifuge tube. The GCE was transfered to the Ni2+ -agarose column. After a 10 minute period the luer-lock was opened and .5 ml effluent liquid was collected and labeled W1 followed by W2 until W10. slowdown washing the unbound proteins with 4 ml of breaking buffer. After the 10th wash was collected, the column was washed with an additional 5 ml of breaking buffer.A similar process was followed collecting elution 1 through with(predicate) 10 in 1.5 centrifuge tubes, however by adding the elution buffer containing imidazole. The elution buffer formula available in the solution manual (8).Estimating Protein Concentration of rGFPDetermine protein amount using the Bradford assay requires a standard curve using known amount of Bovine blood serum Albumin (BSA). The Bradford assay was performed on six known amounts of BSA (0, 2.5, 5,10, 15, and 20 ug). 50 ul of solution containing the BSA was added with 1 ml of Bradford reagent to a glass tube. The solution was mixed and incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. 200 ul of the 6 assays were transferred to a microtiter dish to read the absorbance at 595 nm in a microplate reader. A standard curve was plot (Absorbance Vs BSA amount) to determine the highest absorbance reading that can be extrapolated from this curve.The same procedure was done on the first six washes and six elutions in triplicate. (9).SDS-PAGE/Coomassie Blue Analysis procedureTwo recipes were followed in order to make a resolving gel and a stacking gel. The 12 % resolving gel consists of water, 4x resolving buffer, 30 % Acylamide, 10% ammonium persulfate, and TEMED. This solution was poured between twain glass plates until polymerization. The 5 % stacking gel consisted of water, 4x stacking buffer, 30 % Acrylamide, 10 % ammonium persulfate, and TEMED. The Stacking buffer was added on top of the resolving buffer followed by the addition of a toothed comb until polymerization.Afterwards, the samples G0, G3, GCE, W2, W3, E2, E3 were loaded into the gel. The loading of the samples was done after the plates were placed in the electrophoresis tank. The electrophoresis tank then ran for 45 minutes at 200 volts. (10).Preparation and Development of the Western BlotUsing the 7 samples from the previous procedure, we add 2-Me (Beta-mercaptoethanol) to each sample and developed other gel. After electrophoresis, the gel was to be used as a part of a sandwich for the Western Blot. The sandwich consisted of (from the top) a clear cassette lid, sponge, try paper, nitrocellulose, gel, filter paper, and sponge that laid against the black cassette lid. After an incubation period, the protein transferred from the gel to the nitrocellulose. Removing the nitrocellulose to a container, the Ponceau S stain was added for two minutes and rinsed several times with distilled water. This was done until red bands appeared. The molecular weight ladder was marked with pencil for come on review.Next a blocking step followed where the nitrocellulose tissue layer was placed in a Tupperware with 30 ml of 5% non-fat dry milk/TBS solution. The Tupperware was placed on a shaking platform for 30 minutes. Afterwards, the blocking solution was discarded and a washing step compromising of 30ml of .05% Tween 20/TBS solution was added. The Tupperware was placed on a shaking platform for 5 minutes. This process was repeated two more times.Following the washing step a primary probing step was performed by adding 7 ml of mouse IgG anti-Xpress epitope MAb solution and incubated on a shaking platform for 45 minutes. Another washing step followed using 30 ml of .05% Tween 20/TBS and repeated two more times. 7 ml of Sheep IgG anti-mouse IgG conjugated horse radish peroxidase polyclonal anti-serum solution was added in a secondary probing step that lasted 45 minutes on a shaking platform. The same washing step previous done followed and repeated two times. Finally, the final wash step with 30 ml of TBS was performed on a shaking platform for 5 minutes.For the final step, 7 ml of TMB substrate solution was added to the membrane until band color intensity was achieved. Then the membrane was moved into a Tupperware container filled with water to stop the development. The nitrocellulose membrane was then dried and results recorded. (11).ResultsThe bacterial expression system of rGFP is prese nted in Figure 1. The Lac represser is made from Lac1 of the bacterial chromosome. The lac repressor blocks the t7 RNA polymerase but after inducing it with IPTG, the Lac repressor itself will be blocked. Hence, T7 RNA polymerase will start being rank and be the promoter to the expression for the His6-Xpress-GFPuv thereby resulting in rGFP (7). For a better understanding of rGFP a schematic diagram is provided in Figure 2.The elution of interest was E3 which had 31,927, the highest relative fluorescent units. We also see that from the combined elution profile in Figure 3 which displays the RFU for the first six washes and elutions. The samples were then run through a Bradford assay. The E3 sample had a 20.7 +/- 12.45 ug total amount of protein. The specific activity was 342,995 RFU/mg.The SDS-PAGE gel (Figure 4) presented the molecular weight of E3 standing at 36 kDa. We determined that using the ladder provided. The results poised was off by 3 kDa from the verified experimental value of the rGFP. From the relative color density, it was determined that the rGFP band retains 10 % purity which resulted in a calculated yeild of 2.07 ug.Figure 5 presents the Western Blot assay which was used to verify the presence of rGFP. E3 and E2 turn ined a stronger color while G0 as expected did not show a band due to lack of rGFP. The washes also show a faint color. We have confirmed the presence of rGFP by comapring the E3 band to the ladder which approximates 36 kDa.Conclusion/DiscussionThe confirmation of rGFP was obtained though proceeding with a Western blot analysis. The experiments that were performed beforehand gave a good understanding of how rGFP was induced, expressed, and purified. To recap, Ni2+-agarose affinity chromatography was used to isolate our protein through the unique property having affinity to the His6 tag in the rGFP. Followed by the Bradford assay we estimated how much protein the samples contained. The SDS-PAGe gel gave us an estimation of the molecular weight and purity of the samples which was paramount in the bigger picture of identifying the protein. Even though the purity gained was very low, we proceeded and developed a Western Blot which confirmed the presence of rGFP through band intensities.Since the GFP protein is very robust to pH and temperature, one can transfect or transcribe this gene into other living bacteria or even benevolent cells to possibly see movement. One follow up experiment would to do just that, seeing if we can insert the rGFP into cancer cells or enzymes like insulin for further studies. We already know that GFP changes color based on the excitation energy which might be altered to produce different colors. This can be used to study two systems or their interactions or lack of interaction. We can study the energy consumption of different bacteria and learn which colonies survive longer. We can hold in this method in cancer research and find out how cancer fast certain cancers grow by study ing the relative fluorescence given off.The disturb of this finding may be similar to the impact of creating spectacles (glasses) that allowed millions to see clearly. This protein offers that unique new ability to visually track things we could not have introduce as easily.ReferencesO. Shimomura, F. H. Johnson, Y. Saiga. J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 59, 223 (1962).J. G. Morin and J. W. Hastings, J. Cell Physiol. 77, 313 (1971) H. Morise, O. Shimomura, F. H. Johnson, J. Winant, Biochemistry 13, 2656 (1974).D. C. Prasher, V. K. Eckenrode, W. W. Ward, F. G. Prendergast, M. J. Cormier, Gene 111, 229 (1992) .W. W. Ward, C. W. Cody, R. C. Hart, M. J. Cormier, Photochem. Photobiol. 31, 611 (1980).Ward, W.W. and Bokman, S.H. Reversible denaturation of Aequorea green-fluorescent protein physical separation and characterization of the renatured protein. Biochemistry 21 (1982) 4535-4550.Prendergast, F.G. and Mann, K.G. Chemical and physical properties of aequorin and the green-fluorescent protei n isolated from Aequorea forskalea. Biochemistry 17 (1978) 3448-3453.R. Scott, and E. Picket. Biochemistry lab Manual. United States. (2012).R. Scott, and E. Picket. Biochemistry Laboratory Manual. United States. 84-88 (2012).R. Scott, and E. Picket. Biochemistry Laboratory Manual. United States. 99-100 (2012).R. Scott, and E. Picket. Biochemistry Laboratory Manual. United States. 125-126 (2012).R. Scott, and E. Picket. Biochemistry Laboratory Manual. United States. 139-140 (2012).R. Scott, and E. Picket. Biochemistry Laboratory Manual. United States. (2012).R. Scott, and E. Picket. Biochemistry Laboratory Manual. United States. (2012).citationsPrimary stucture of the aequorea victoria GRPDouglas prasher, virginia eckenrode-229-223 1992GFP as a marker for gene expressionmartin chalfie, vuan tuvol 263, feb 1994Wavelength mutations and post translational autoxidation of GFPvol 91, pp. 12501-1250 dec 1994

Entrepreneurs of Small Enterprises in the UK

Entrepreneurs of splendid Enterprises in the UKLiquidity problem is an important strategic issue to transmit caper organization enterprises. mild enterprises be realising the importance of such(prenominal) problems to reduce losses arises from this. Liquidity problems arise from picayuneage of working capital that require to maintain passing(a) operations of the enterprise. If this problem persists for long- measure, entrepreneurs atomic number 18 bound to stop their business. But it is difficult for slender enterprises to get right support at the right time from cashboxs and amends companies due to certain terms and conditions imposed by them. So a knowledge in this field will be helpful for twain entrepreneurs and m peerlesstary institutions to know current scenario of enterprise level management of liquidity problems and the role of financial institutions to solve this problem. Intelligent forecasting of the future trend in food market conditions is a preventive me asure to solve liquidity problem whereas, bank support through different financial products is a curative measure in management of liquidity problem.This study has been initiated to position and analyse entrepreneurs view towards liquidity problems of down(p) enterprises and role of bank to solve this problem. Categorically the major objectives of the present study areTo identify various reasons of liquidity problems of small enterprisesTo uncover the views of entrepreneurs regarding the research topic in light of their age, education, invested amount of capital, enterprise life, location and nature of businessTo assess the risks identified by the entrepreneurs arises from liquidity problems of their enterprisesTo identify and analyze the role of bank in terms of available financial products to manage liquidity problemsTo evoke probable solutions to solve liquidity problems of small enterprises.HypothesisH 1 There is no extend to of small enterprises length of life on the coat of liquidity problems.H 2 Amount of investment has no influence on liquidity problems.H 3 Nature of business has no impact on liquidity problems.H 4 pious platitudes facilities are enough to solve liquidity problems of small enterprises.7. SourcesBroad Subject Area Business FinanceBooks and JournalsAlsbury, A. (2001), mobile Answers to Small Business Questions, Series Editor Jay, Prentice Hall, London.Allen, F. and Gale, D. (2007) Understanding pecuniary Crisis. Oxford Oxford University Press.Bygrave, W. D. (1994), The entrepreneurship paradigm 1 a philosophical look at its research methodologies, Entrepreneurship conjecture and practice, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp 1- 26.Bhaduri, R., G. Meissner and J. Youn (2007). Hedging Liquidity fortune. Journal of Alternative Investments, Winter 2007.Cecchetti, S. (2008), Monetary Policy and the monetary Crisis of 2007 2008. forthcoming at http//fmwww.bc.edu/ec-j/sems2008/Cecchetti.pdf Accessed 11 November 2008.Cohen, W. (2005), The entrepreneu r and small business problem solver, 3rd edition, Published by John Wiley and Sons.Dawson, J., Findlay, A. and Sparks, L. (2006) The Retailing Reader. London Routledge.John L. Knight, Stephen Satchell (2003). Forecasting Volatility in the Financial Markets. Butterworth-Heinemann.Dorfman, Mark S. (2007). Introduction to Risk Management and Insurance (9th Edition). Englewood Cliffs, N.J Prentice Hall.Douglas Hubbard (2009) The Failure of Risk Management Why Its Broken and How to Fix It John Wiley Sons.Hisrich D. R. Peters P. M., (2002) Entrepreneurship, 5th edition, Pub., Tata McGraw-Hill.Hawkins, M. (2008) How to Benefit From Consumer Behaviour During a Financial Crisis. EzineArticles. Available at http//ezinearticles.com/How-to-Benefit-From.Hannon, P.D. and Atherton, A. (1998), Small firm success and the art of orienteering the value of plans, planning and strategic awareness in the competitive small firm, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 102 -19.Islam N. Mamun Z. M., (2002) Entrepreneurship Development, An Operational Approach, Pub., The University Press Limited,.Leaf, W. and Sykes, E. (2009), Banking, 3rd edition, T butterworth Ltd.McConnell I. (2009), Economic output posts biggest quarterly decline since 1980, The Herald (Glasgow), January 24th Issue, closing Edition, p. 26.Simpson, M et al. (2006), marketing in small and mean(a) size enterprises, International Journal of entrepreneurial behaviour and research, Vol. 12, Issue-6, pp 361-387. Available atwww.emeraldinsight.com Accessed 15 November 2009Stoltz A, Viljoen M (2007) Financial Management Fresh Perspectives, Published by Pearson South Africa.WebsitesSmall business banking, (2009) available at http//www.bytestart.co.uk/content/banking/banking-guides/business-banking-the-basics.shtml, Accessed 15 th November 2009 billet for National Statistics (2008), Unemployment pass judgment rises to 5,7%.. Available at www.statistics.gov.uk Accessed 14th November 2009.Nu mber of enterprises, employment and turnover by number of employees and industry division, UK, start 2004, Available at www.statistics.gov.uk Accessed 14th November 2009HSBC and Barclays news, , 10th November 2009, Available at www.news.bbc.co.uk, Accessed 12th November 2009SME Academy London online Available at http//www.smeacademy.co.uk/, Accessed 13 November 2009Banks Websiteswww.barclays.co.ukwww.hsbc.co.ukwww.natwest.comwww.lloydstsbbusiness.com8. Literature ReviewThe economic recession that hit the UK in the second fractional of 2008 caused the retail industry to experience certain difficulties (McConnell, 2009 Kollewe, 2009). The credit crunch and growing unemployment reduced consumer income and spending levels and causes uncertain flow of cash for business enterprises. In such conditions, small enterprises are experiencing irregular cash flows, look at the cost cutting strategy, excessive burden of debt, reduction of buyers and uncertain profit margins or losses. As a resul t shortage of short term capital creates liquidity problems to small enterprises. In business, liquidity refers to the financial ability of an enterprise to meet its short term obligations to bear day to day expenditures.The liquidity of retail sector specially small enterprises are greatly affected by macroeconomic factors. These factors are divided into two direct and indirect factors. The direct factors can be recognised as the decreasing disposable income, job insecurity and credit backing hurdles (Office for National Statistics, 2008). The indirect factors are take exceptions of credit financing and investment capability which commercial organisations face and which make these organisations unable to continue with producing high prize products and customer service (The Economist, 2008). Other macroeconomic factors that are related with small enterprises financial crisis are house price, house rent, and employment rate, and inflation rate, availability of bank loan, interest rates and changes of consumers behaviour.Storey 1994 notes that small firms, however they are defined, constitute the bulk of enterprises in all economies in the world. In the latter half of the give way century the increasing important roles of small firms and entrepreneurship cannot be in any way understated Bygrave 1994 Timmons 1994. Small firms are now a complex undefended matter of research because of its huge number of limitations. These features of small enterprises are supported by Robinson and Pearce 1984 who focused on the issue of resource limitations of small firms. These limitations are take up summarised by Carson and Cromie 1989 who suggest that small firm is actually characterised by three types of limitations, those oftheir impact on marketsfinancephysical resourcesIt is obvious that among these three limitations, finance is one of the most important one what is equally important for promoting products and services of small enterprises in the markets and acquirin g physical resources. But undoubtedly these three limitations are in a cycle and interdependent. Liquidity problem is not only the result of shortage of fund, this problem is the consequences of other two limitations too. Definition of small enterprises of European accusation Enterprise and Industry europa.eu refers to maximum number of employees are 49 and maximum annual turnover is 7million Euro for small enterprises. As per EU definition, there are 4,267,555 small enterprises in UK where 11,441,000 employments exist UK Bureau of Statistics Start 2004. It is undoubtedly important to get word out immediately the problems of such a large sector and solutions of the problems.As say by Hill and McGowan (1999), there is no agreed definition or clear understanding, in view of the large literature that exists, of who the entrepreneur is or what it is they do. Entrepreneurship is in all probability best understood as a process, the constituents of which are the entrepreneur, their per sistent search of opportunities, usually grounded in the market place, and efforts to marshal the resources needed to exploit these opportunities hence the apprehension of the entrepreneurial SME (Hill and Wright, 2001). How entrepreneurship is vital and important for small enterprises? Hill and McGowan (1999) answer this question by adding that, without entrepreneurial commitment, determination, vision, energy, tolerance of risk, and ambition, the entrepreneurial process in small and medium enterprises would not happen. Entrepreneurs making decision in various circumstances must be sure to learn as much as possible almost the situation, and approach the decision from a logical and rational perspectives (Ricky W. Griffin, 2002).The financial crisis, which transmitted internationally and caused disturbances in a wide range of powerful economies, many countries are seen to be on the brink of recession if not already plunged into it (Deutche Welle, 2008). Todays financial crisis what causes liquidity problems of business enterprises could be recognised as a major challenge for the survival of millions of small enterprises. The wide scope of the crisis caused a downturn in many industries, the bankruptcy of leading organisations and overall economic recession to countries like the UK, Germany and France (Deutche Welle, 2008 Hopkins, 2008 Office for National Statistics, 2008). Many EU countries including UK experienced the shock in their banking sectors as the provision of credit financing became a great challenge. Banks were suffering from lack of liquidity, which caused both business and non-business consumers financial hardships (The Economist, 2008). Though few banks like HSBC and Barclays BBC, November 2009 claimed that they are now in profit with enough liquidity to lend, most of the banks are in problem. Bank has short term and long term loan facilities, mortgage facilities, interest free bank overdraft facilities for small business enterprises Small busin ess banking, 2009. There is a well-known idea that such facilities for small enterprises are very limited and process is very complex. Though various researchers carried out so many research to find out various factors that have direct and indirect impact on operations of small enterprises, relationship between entrepreneurship and small enterprises, buyers behaviour, marketing strategies, family and non-family business trends in this sector, there is still gap in research regarding liquidity problems and role of bank to solve this problem in terms of entrepreneurs perspective. Specially at the time of current economic down town there is a necessity of new research in the mentioned field.9. Intended Methods of Data CollectionAssumptions of the studySmall enterprise This study considers EU maximum employee 49 definition to select small enterprises.Scope and limitations of the Study The study will focus on randomly selected 40 small enterprises of different sectors like hospitality, grocery, fashion and stationary from UK (London Area Zone 1-4). Since the study will cover only the mentioned area, it will not reflect the exact UK scenario as a whole about the research.Data Collection Procedures The proposed study is an empirical one. Both primary and secondary data will be used during the study. For accrual of primary data self completed questionnaire will be used to collect information from entrepreneurs and executives of business enterprises. Observations and interview will be conducted in some(prenominal) cases to confirm more authentic information from the entrepreneurs. Secondary data will be collected from available literatures in form of books, journal, magazines, published materials, research articles, and online materials. To identify available financial products of banks to solve liquidity problems of small enterprises, banks websites will be used as a source of data and information. The researcher will in any case call the respondent to ensure time ly feedback about questionnaire. In case of necessity, personal contacts will be used to support the research process.Methods of Data epitome Some parametric and non-parametric tools and techniques of statistics (like average, percentage, test of hypothesis, sampling distribution, etc) will be used to analyze data and information related with the study.

The Negro Artist And The Racial Mountain English Literature Essay

The Negro Artist And The Racial Mountain English Literature EssayLangston Hughes essay The Negro Artist and the Racial MountainIn 1926, Langston Hughes wrote an essay The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. In his essay, Hughes presents a situation where the African Americans felt inferior in their state pitch-black nation and their purification and strove to embrace the conclusion of the whiteneds. He did this by use of the African American poet who saw it good to be a white poet. During this time, the White people despise and attended down on the black people. Therefore, the blacks understood that it was better to be a white man or a white writer.The Negro poet suggested that he like to be a white writer, meaning that he desired to be a white man (Hughes, Para. 1). According to Hughes, this was the mountain standing in the agency of any true Negro art in America-this urge within the race towards whiteness, the desire to pour racial individuality into the mold of American standardization, and to be a little Negro and as much American as possible. (Hughes, Para. 1).Hughes also examines the state of the African American families of that time. The blacks made their children believe that the whites were superior. They forced their children to imitate the whites and try to be like them in all aspects. Any child who tried to be feed like a black man received a severe punishment for that. The blacks were determined through all means to keep a authority their culture from their own children (Amada, para.2). The parents made their children see white as a symbol of virtue and success. This upbringing affected the lives of the children up to their adulthood because their parents made them to believe that in tramp to be part of the bigger society and be successful they had to behave as whites.The essay also talks about the difference between the upper manikin and middle class African Americans. Hughes states that the track the two groups acted made them dif ferent, rather than their financial differences. They believed that they would climb higher in society according to the level they acted as white people in society.Hughes wrote in criticism of the Negro poet who, in his writing desired to be a white man (Kelley, 126). He showed how the middle class and upper class African Americans tried to imitate the lifestyle and culture of the white men. The black Americans did this by shunning their Negro theatres, avoiding the Negro spiritual music, reading magazines of the whites and marrying light colored women in order for them to look like the whites. These classes of the blacks also tried to limit the Negro poets and writers on what they were supposed to write. These high class African Americans had started alienating themselves from the other black corporation. This class struggles to have respect in society even at the expense of losing their racial identity. These people were ashamed of their color as black people and did not want to see their own beauty. This is why they emulated the white people in physical appearance, in dressing in action and in the way they conducted their worship services.Hughes also speaks about those African American artists who were true to their culture. They held faithfully to their culture, a thing that made the rest of the people to alienate them. This community of those who held to their culture survived well and their work is one of the most celebrated today.The aim of Hughes essay was to elevate the beauty of the African Americans language and lifestyles to the national literary stage. He further the Negro Artists to accept their own race and not to turn away from it. Hughes also suggested that any writer who wanted his artwork to look like or have some aspect of whiteness was not being true to himself or herself (Floyd-Miller, Para 4). The African Americans had set for themselves standards and strove to meet these standards in order to look like or live like the white Americans . Hughes goal, therefore, was to encourage the black artists to create obstacles to these standards by use of their relevant, significant and original work in order to change the belief the blacks had that whites were superior. This artwork was to serve the purpose of changing the blacks desire of wanting to be white to that of accepting that they were Negros and Beautiful. Hughes writes that to his mind, it is the duty of the younger Negro artist, if he accepts any duties at all from outsiders, to change through the force of his art that old whispering I want to be white, hidden in the aspirations of his people, to why should I want to be white? I am a Negroand beautiful (Hughes, Para. 12)Up to the 1960s, the American white community still despised the American black community. They never appreciated the work of most African Americans like poets and writers. However, this changed as the whites started taking interest in the black peoples artwork. The whites visited the black people s community to have sex their performances. Currently, this issue of discrimination of literary work has ceased and many of the black Americans literary work is celebrated today.Hughes indicates that he has confidence in lower classes of the African Americans. He saw them as being free from the problems of self-esteem and that they were confident and satisfied in their nature as blacks. He saw this class of blacks as a source of inspiration using their artistic talents. Their struggle was not to appear respectable to the white readers thus resisted the pinch and wrote on the themes they felt were relevant in expressing themselves against what the whites wanted. This portrays the powerful artistic tool or weapon the lower class black Africans have.According to Amada (Para. 3), although much has changed in the way the white Americans view the African Americans, the black community is still not fully accepted. There is still some racial discrimination in some towns of the United Stat es of America. However, the black Americans have made substantial improvements socially, politically and economically.In conclusion, Hughes essay can help us to know the way the African Americans related with themselves and with the whites in their society. It shows us how the white Americans looked down on the black Americans. We learn how the middle class and upper class African Americans yearned to de like the whites and their struggle to achieve this. It also shows how the lower class black people faced discrimination from the whites as well as the well off African Americans. The essay further shows how the black poets and writers managed to overcome the whites pressure to write on the themes that they wanted while ignoring others. This brought about positive changes in the United States of America. The determination of the Negros helped the blacks to receive some level of acceptance in the American community. The whites finally accepted the literary work of the blacks including their poems, songs and books. With the turn of things, there is hope that things will be getting better until we get a united community at the end.Cited WorkFloyd-Miller, Cherryl, African-American authors Langston Hughes, putting the spotlight on the black experience, n.d, Web. October 31, 2010 http//www.helium.com/items/875493-african-american-authors-langston-hughes-putting-the-spotlight-on-the-blackHughes, Langston, The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. The Nation, 23 June 1926, March 15 2000. Web. October 31,2010. http//www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/360.htmlKelly, B. throng and Bloom, Harold, Blooms How to Write about Langston Hughes. Infobase Publishing, 2009. Print.Ligi, Amada, An Examination of the Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain A Story by Langston Hughes. February 21, 2009. Web. October 31, 2010. http//www.associatedcontent.com/article/1452600/an_examination_ofthe_negro_artist_and.html?cat=37

Relational Dialectics: A Research Report Essay -- Relationships Sociol

Relational Dialectics A Research ReportThis research of Relational Dialectics Theory refers to the book titled A Handbook of Personal Relationships, edited by Steve Duck. The title A Dialectical Perspective on Communication Strategies in Relationship Development, written by Lesile Baxter, presents the fundamental strategies for an ideal relationship . The theories in which Baxter discusses describe the communication actions that a coulpe must use to establish, maintain, and dissolve their personal relationships. Contradiction is the central concept of relational dialectics. It refers to the propellant interplay between unified oppostions. By managing three basic cotradictions which are Autonomy-Connection, Novelty-Prediction, and Openness-Closedness, a couple can maintain a stable and healthy relationship with to each one other and together, accomplish success. Baxter bases her dialectical theory on the three bipolar pairs that cause contradictions. The primary or principle contra diction is Autonomy-Connection. A web of unessential contradictions, Novelty- Prediction and Openness-Closedn...

Images of Masculinity and Femininity in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay exa

Images of Masculinity and Femininity in Macbeth Lady Macbeth does not have the traditional role of mother, daughter, or wife solely partner. Macbeths letter refers to her as My dearest partner in greatness.. I (v) In spite of his military culture, Macbeth perceives Lady Macbeth as an equal, it would seem in all things his political life, his career, his personal life i.e. she is his significant other. Noticeably the emphasis is on him. Lady Macbeth lacks status of her own, as did all women in this era as status could only be derived from ones husband or father. The doctrine Macbeth adopts goes against all the conventional ideas of how a female should be regarded by a male. In the Renaissance era the division of the sexes were so vast, but Lady Macbeth resists persistently even when Macbeth dismisses her We will proceed no further in this patronage (I vii 32) To resist what Macbeth says on whatever grounds, is not to be a woman at all. A woman is supposed to be weak, frail and su bservient to male desires and certainly not supposed to debate effectively with her husband. But Lady Macbeth does reject the womans role - as defined by men. One could be forgiven for thinking of Lady Macbeth as the only female worth studying in Macbeth as the other female characters have much(prenominal) minor roles. But I believe the witches are of importance when examining femininity. They are the first characters we set eyes upon and every event in the play is indirectly controlled or caused by them. This is surely a very powerful role. Witches allegedly foretold the future and served the devil. So Macbeths apparent fear and belief in their fortune telling was undermining ecclesiastical authority. He takes great heed of ... ...ve spent the rest of his life feeling he had failed as a man, such was the importance of images of masculinity. Bring onwards men-children only (Macbeth 1772) Works Cited Shakespeare Macbeth Arden Georges Duby and Michelle Perrot, Natalie Zemon Dav is and Arlette Farge A History of Women Belknap Havard Bruce R Smith Homosexual Desire in Shakespeares England University of Chicago Press Callaghan, Dympna. womanhood and Gender in Renaissance Tragedy. Atlantic Highlands Humanities Press International, Inc., 1989 Johannes Fabricus Alchemy the medevial alchemists and their royal lust Diamond Books 1994 Novy, Marianne. Loves Argument Gender Relations in Shakespeare. chapel Hill The University of North Carolina Press, 1984 Eros and magic in the Renaissance University of Chicgo Press 1987